%0 Book %8 27.02.2018 %M 9013369 %T Identifying Age Penalty in Women's Wages: New Method and Evidence from Germany 1984-2014 %G Englisch %D 2017 %P 24 S. %Z Sb 89 SOEPpapers %F Mono %F WP %1 DIW2017 %U http://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.579062.de/diw_sp0956.pdf %+ Joanna Tyrowicz, Lucas van der Velde, Irene van Staveren %A Tyrowicz, Joanna;Velde, Lucas van der;Staveren, Irene van;Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, DIW Berlin %X Given theoretical premises, gender wage gap adjusted for individual characteristics is likely to vary over age. We extend DiNardo, Fortin and Lemieux (1996) semi-parametric technique to disentangle year, cohort and age effects in adjusted gender wage gaps. We rely on a long panel of data from the German Socio-Economic Panel covering the 1984-2015 period. Our results indicate that the gender wage gap increases over the lifetime, for some birth cohorts also in the post-reproductive age. %P 1999-11-30 %C Berlin %I DIW Berlin %B SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research at DIW Berlin ; 956 %K J31;J71 %K Daten SOEP;SOEP Demografie und Bevölkerung;SOEP Einkommen, Steuern und Soziale Sicherung;Private Haushalte und Familien;Demographie und Bevölkerung;Frauenerwerbstätigkeit;Lohn;Lebensalter;Frauen;Geschlecht;Lohnstruktur;Deutschland ;Deutschland %U http://hdl.handle.net/10419/176773 %0 Book %8 13.02.2018 %M 9013290 %T Earnings Inequality in Germany: A Decomposition-Analysis %G Englisch %D 2017 %P 28 S. %Z Sb 89 SOEPpapers %F Mono %F WP %1 DIW2017 %U http://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.578028.de/diw_sp0955.pdf %+ Ulrike Stein %A Stein, Ulrike;Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, DIW Berlin %X Several studies have shown that income inequality has risen in Germany until 2005. Less focus was put on the rise of earnings inequality which continued to rise until 2010. We distinguish different groups in the labour market with respect to working-time, gender and region by exploiting data from the German Socio-Economic panel (SOEP) for the years 1995 till 2014. Using the decomposition of the Theil1-index we demonstrate that the increase in earnings inequality is primarily the result of diverging average earnings of the various groups in the labour market (between-group inequality) and to some extent due to increasing earnings heterogeneity within groups (within-group inequality). The former effect is larger than the latter. Without the inequality reducing effect on earnings inequality due to the continuous decrease in the share of full-time working employees and the increase in the female labour participation rate (compositional effect) earnings inequality would have actually further increased after 2010. Independent of the policy target, policy measures to reduce inequality need always to be designed in such a way that they take the whole work force into account in order to achieve measurable effects. %P 1999-11-30 %C Berlin %I DIW Berlin %B SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research at DIW Berlin ; 955 %K D31;J21;J39 %K Daten SOEP;SOEP Arbeit und Beschäftigung;SOEP Einkommen, Steuern und Soziale Sicherung;SOEP Demografie und Bevölkerung;Private Haushalte und Familien;Demographie und Bevölkerung;Arbeit und Beschäftigung;Einkommensungleichheit;Teilzeitarbeit;Frauenerwerbstätigkeit;Panel;SOEP %U http://hdl.handle.net/10419/175083 %0 Book %8 13.02.2018 %M 9013289 %T Quantile Treatment Effects of Riester Participation on Wealth %G Englisch %D 2017 %P 26 S. %Z Sb 89 SOEPpapers %F Mono %F WP %1 DIW2017 %U http://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.578026.de/diw_sp0954.pdf %+ Dorothee Ihle %A Ihle, Dorothee;Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, DIW Berlin %X In numerous industrialized countries the demographic change erodes the financial basis of traditional pay-as-you-go pension systems. To compensate for decreasing statutory pensions, many governments incentivize private saving by meansof subsidized retirement plans. In this context, Germany introduced the so-called Riester pension plans. To assess its effectiveness, this paper analyzes the effects of participation in Riester plans on wealth at different points of the distribution. We employ an instrumental quantile regression approach using Riester eligibility as instrument for Riester participation. The analysis is based on microeconomic survey data from the German Socio-Economic Panel of waves 2002 and 2012. Results suggest substantial heterogeneity in the effect of Riester participation on wealth. While Riester participation increases total net wealth in the lower tail of the conditional distribution, it does not have a significant effect on households in the middle part of the distribution. In the upper tail of the conditional asset distribution, we find negative treatment effects providing weak evidence in favor of a mere reallocation of households’ asset portfolios. %P 1999-11-30 %C Berlin %I DIW Berlin %B SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research at DIW Berlin ; 954 %K D31;D91;I38;J32 %K Daten SOEP;SOEP Einkommen, Steuern und Soziale Sicherung;Private Haushalte und Familien;Private Altersvorsorge;Einkommensverteilung;Deutschland %0 Book %8 30.01.2018 %M 9013254 %T Optimal Taxation under Different Concepts of Justness %G Englisch %D 2017 %P 33 S. %Z Sb 89 SOEPpapers %F Mono %F WP %1 DIW2017 %U http://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.576047.de/diw_sp0953.pdf %+ Robin Jessen, Maria Metzing, Davud Rostam-Afschar %A Jessen, Robin;Metzing, Maria;Rostam-Afschar, Davud;Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, DIW Berlin %X A common assumption in the optimal taxation literature is that the social planner maximizes a welfarist social welfare function with weights decreasing with income. However, high transfer withdrawal rates in many countries imply very low weights for the working poor in practice. We reconcile this puzzle by generalizing the optimal taxation framework by Saez (2002) to allow for alternatives to welfarism. We calculate weights of a social planner’s function as implied by the German tax and transfer system based on the concepts of welfarism, minimum absolute and relative sacrifice, as well as subjective justness. For the latter we use a novel question from the German Socio-Economic Panel. We find that the minimum absolute sacrifice principle is in line with social weights that decline with net income. Absolute subjective justness is roughly in line with decreasing social weights, which is reflected by preferences of men, West Germans, and supporters of the grand coalition parties. %P 1999-11-30 %C Berlin %I DIW Berlin %B SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research at DIW Berlin ; 953 %K D63;D60;H21;H23;I38 %K Daten SOEP;SOEP Einkommen, Steuern und Soziale Sicherung;SOEP Einstellungen, Werte und Persönlichkeit;Private Haushalte und Familien;Öffentliche Finanzen und Finanzwissenschaft;Optimale Besteuerung;Umverteilung;Soziale Ungleichheit;Externer Effekt;Sozialpolitik %U http://hdl.handle.net/10419/175082 %0 Book %8 30.01.2018 %M 9013253 %T Substantial Labor Market Effects of the Residency Status: How Important Are Initial Conditions at Arrival for Immigrants? %G Englisch %D 2017 %P 34 S. %Z Sb 89 SOEPpapers %F Mono %F WP %1 DIW2017 %U http://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.576045.de/diw_sp0952.pdf %+ Eric Schuss %A Schuss, Eric;Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, DIW Berlin %X This paper uses information on the legal status upon arrival to study long-term labor market effects, whereas selection and potential outmigration are taken into account by a large set of methods. I find that immigrants arrived with a job commitment in Germany achieve a longterm income advantage of 18.6% relative to other migrant groups, while language skills and ethnic networks can be excluded as transmission channels. Thus, a better linkage between job vacancies in the host country and the labor supply of potential migrants in the home country prevents mismatches and unrealistic expectations of potential migrants towards the host country. %P 1999-11-30 %C Berlin %I DIW Berlin %B SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research at DIW Berlin ; 952 %K F22;J61;K37 %K Daten SOEP;SOEP Integration, Migration und Transnationalisierung;SOEP Arbeit und Beschäftigung;SOEP Einkommen, Steuern und Soziale Sicherung;Private Haushalte und Familien;Arbeit und Beschäftigung;Demographie und Bevölkerung;Migranten;Arbeitsmarkt;Arbeitsmobilität;Migrationspolitik;Deutschland %U http://hdl.handle.net/10419/175081 %0 Book %8 20.02.2018 %M 9013324 %T Uncovering the Power of Personality to Shape Income %G Englisch %D 2017 %P 28 S. %Z Sb 89 SOEPpapers %F Mono %F WP %1 DIW2017 %U http://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.578525.de/diw_sp0951.pdf %+ Jaap J. A. Denissen, Wiebke Bleidorn, Marie Hennecke, Maike Luhmann, Ulrich Orth, Jule Specht, Julia Zimmermann %A Denissen, Jaap J. A.;Bleidorn, Wiebke;Hennecke, Marie;Luhmann, Maike;Orth, Ulrich;Specht, Jule;Zimmermann, Julia;Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, DIW Berlin %X The notion of person-environment fit implies that personal and contextual factors interact in influencing important life outcomes. Using data from 8,458 employed individuals, we examined the combined effects of individuals' actual personality traits and jobs’ expert-rated personality demands on earnings. Results from a response surface analysis indicated that the fit between individuals’ actual personality and the personality demands of their jobs is a predictor of income. Conclusions of this combined analysis were partly opposite to conclusions reached in previous studies using conventional regression methods. Individuals can earn additional income of more than their monthly salary per year if they hold a job that fits their personality. Thus, at least for some traits, economic success depends not only on having a “successful personality” but also, in part, on finding the best niche for one's personality. We discuss the findings with regard to labor-market policies and individuals’ job-selection strategies. %P 1999-11-30 %C Berlin %I DIW Berlin %B SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research at DIW Berlin ; 951 %K Daten SOEP;SOEP Arbeit und Beschäftigung;SOEP Einstellungen, Werte und Persönlichkeit;Private Haushalte und Familien;Arbeit und Beschäftigung;Persönlichkeit %U http://hdl.handle.net/10419/175084 %0 Book %8 19.01.2018 %M 9013193 %T The Short-Run Employment Effects of the German Minimum Wage Reform %G Englisch %D 2017 %P 34 S. %Z Sb 89 SOEPpapers %F Mono %F WP %1 DIW2017 %U http://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.575542.de/diw_sp0950.pdf %+ Marco Caliendo, Alexandra Fedorets, Malte Preuss, Carsten Schröder, Linda Wittbrodt %A Caliendo, Marco;Fedorets, Alexandra;Preuss, Malte;Schröder, Carsten;Wittbrodt, Linda;Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, DIW Berlin %X We assess the short-term employment effects of the introduction of a national statutory minimum wage in Germany in 2015. For this purpose, we exploit variation in the regional treatment intensity, assuming that the stronger a minimum wage 'bites' into the regional wage distribution, the stronger the regional labour market will be affected. In contrast to previous studies, we draw upon detailed individual wage data from the Structure of Earnings Survey (SES) 2014 and combine it with administrative information on regional employment. Moreover, using the Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP), we are able to afirm the absence of anticipation effects and verify the assumption of a common trend in wages before the reform. Based on hourly wages, we compute two regional bite indicators ̶̶̶ the share of affected employees and the Kaitz index ̶̶̶ for 141 regional labour markets. In order to get a broader picture, we construct and compare a variety of these measures, including a bite based on full-time workers only. All of these display a considerably strong correlation. Overall, we do not find a pronounced significant effect on regular (full- and part-time) employment in most specifications, although some estimations yield a small significant reduction amounting to 78,000 (roughly 0.3% of all regular jobs). The results concerning marginal employment are more pronounced. We find evidence that mini-jobs dropped substantially from 2014 to 2015, making for a reduction of about 180,000 jobs (about 2.4% of all mini-jobs). This result is robust to a variety of sensitivity tests. %P 1999-11-30 %C Berlin %I DIW Berlin %B SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research at DIW Berlin ; 950 %K J23;J31;J38 %K Daten SOEP;SOEP Arbeit und Beschäftigung;SOEP Einkommen, Steuern und Soziale Sicherung;Private Haushalte und Familien;Arbeit und Beschäftigung;Makroökonomik;Lohnstruktur;Mindestlohn;Einkommensverteilung %U http://hdl.handle.net/10419/173396 %0 Book %8 19.01.2018 %M 9013192 %T Economic Aspects of Subjective Attitudes towards the Minimum Wage Reform %G Englisch %D 2017 %P 44 S. %Z Sb 89 SOEPpapers %F Mono %F WP %1 DIW2017 %U http://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.575537.de/diw_sp0949.pdf %+ Alexandra Fedorets, Carsten Schröder %A Fedorets, Alexandra;Schröder, Carsten;Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, DIW Berlin %X Despite some skepticism among experts about the effects of a minimum wage, there is remarkably widespread public support for such policies. Using representative survey data from 2015 and 2016, we investigate the subjective attitudes driving public support for Germany’s recent minimum wage reform. We find that socio-economic characteristics and political orientations explain a minor part of the variation in attitudes, whereas beliefs that the reform will bring positive redistributional effects and perceptions that it will help people to maintain or improve their overall economic situation (measured by living standards, income, hours worked, and job security) play a major role. %P 1999-11-30 %C Berlin %I DIW Berlin %B SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research at DIW Berlin ; 949 %K D71;E64;J38 %K Daten SOEP;SOEP Einkommen, Steuern und Soziale Sicherung;SOEP Einstellungen, Werte und Persönlichkeit;Private Haushalte und Familien;Arbeit und Beschäftigung;Mindestlohn;Öffentliche Meinung;Politik %U http://hdl.handle.net/10419/173395 %0 Book %8 19.01.2018 %M 9013191 %T The Short-Term Distributional Effects of the German Minimum Wage Reform %G Englisch %D 2017 %P 45 S. %Z Sb 89 SOEPpapers %F Mono %F WP %1 DIW2017 %U http://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.575535.de/diw_sp0948.pdf %+ Marco Caliendo, Alexandra Fedorets, Malte Preuss, Carsten Schröder, Linda Wittbrodt %A Caliendo, Marco;Fedorets, Alexandra;Preuss, Malte;Schröder, Carsten;Wittbrodt, Linda;Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, DIW Berlin %X This study quantifies the short-term distributional effects of the new statutory minimum wage in Germany. Using detailed survey data (German Socio-Economic Panel), we assess changes in the distributions of hourly wages, contractual and actual working hours, and monthly earnings. Our descriptive results indicate growth at the bottom of the hourly wage distribution in the post-reform year, but also considerable noncompliance among eligible employees. In a second step, we employ a difference-in-differences analysis and exploit regional variation in the "bite" of the intervention, measured by the share of employees in a geographical region with wages below the minimum wage prior to the reform. We document the reform's positive effect at the bottom of the wage distribution. However, we find a negative effect of the reform on contractual hours worked, which explains why there is no effect on monthly earnings. Given that actual hours worked decrease less than contractual hours, our evidence suggests an increase in unpaid overtime. %P 1999-11-30 %C Berlin %I DIW Berlin %B SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research at DIW Berlin ; 948 %K J31;J38;J22 %K Daten SOEP;SOEP Arbeit und Beschäftigung;SOEP Einkommen, Steuern und Soziale Sicherung;Private Haushalte und Familien;Arbeit und Beschäftigung;Makroökonomik;Lohnstruktur;Mindestlohn;Einkommensverteilung %U http://hdl.handle.net/10419/173394 %0 Book %8 11.01.2018 %M 9013155 %T Entrepreneurial Success and Subjective Well-Being: Worries about the Business Explain One's Well-Being Loss from Self-Employment %G Englisch %D 2017 %P 27 S. %Z Sb 89 SOEPpapers %F Mono %F WP %1 DIW2017 %U http://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.575074.de/diw_sp0947.pdf %+ Martin Binder %A Binder, Martin;Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, DIW Berlin %X Despite lower incomes the self-employed often report higher job satisfaction. But this increased job satisfaction only sometimes translates into higher life satisfaction, likely due to the heterogeneous nature of self-employment. By distinguishingdifferent types of self-employment, this paper sheds light onto why some self-employeds even report lower life satisfaction, focussing specifically on poor performance enterprises, a prevalent but disregarded type of entrepreneurship. Using German panel data (1984-2015), I find that self-employment (compared to employment) typically negatively impacts on life satisfaction, especially so if one enters self-employment from unemployment, earns low incomes from self-employment or has no employees. Worries about one's financial situation and job security appear to be the driving forces behind this negative effect. Only very few self-employeds report higher life satisfaction, a boost that seems to relate to the pursuit of entrepreneurial opportunities. In sum, looking at the average self-employed obscures the heterogeneity of well-being impacts resulting from different types of self-employment one might find themselves in, and being on the lower end of the success distribution carries a well-being cost instead of bringing joy. %P 1999-11-30 %C Berlin %I DIW Berlin %B SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research at DIW Berlin ; 947 %K I31;L26;J28 %K Daten SOEP;SOEP Arbeit und Beschäftigung;SOEP Einstellungen, Werte und Persönlichkeit;Arbeit und Beschäftigung;Private Haushalte und Familien;Soziales und Gesundheit;Lebenszufriedenheit;Selbstständige;Unternehmenserfolg;Unternehmer;Panel %U http://hdl.handle.net/10419/173393 %0 Book %8 11.01.2018 %M 9013154 %T Commuting and Sickness Absence %G Englisch %D 2017 %P 27 S. %Z Sb 89 SOEPpapers %F Mono %F WP %1 DIW2017 %U http://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.575067.de/diw_sp0946.pdf %+ Laszlo Goerke, Olga Lorenz %A Goerke, Laszlo;Lorenz, Olga;Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, DIW Berlin %X We investigate the causal effect of commuting on sickness absence from work using German panel data. To address reverse causation, we use changes in commuting distance for employees who stay with the same employer and who have the same residence during the period of observation. In contrast to previous papers, we do not observe that commuting distances are associated with higher sickness absence, in general. Only employees who commute long distances are absent about 20% more than employees with no commutes. We explore various explanations for the effect of long distance commutes to work and can find no evidence that it is due to working hours mismatch, lower work effort, reduced leisure time or differences in health status. %P 1999-11-30 %C Berlin %I DIW Berlin %B SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research at DIW Berlin ; 946 %K I10;J22;R2;R40 %K Daten SOEP;SOEP Gesundheit;SOEP Arbeit und Beschäftigung;Arbeit und Beschäftigung;Soziales und Gesundheit;Fehlzeit;Regionale Arbeitsmobilität;Gesundheit;Arbeitsangebot;Deutschland ;Panel %U http://hdl.handle.net/10419/173392 %0 Book %8 09.01.2018 %M 9013141 %T Perceptions of Discrimination: What Do They Measure and Why Do They Matter? %G Englisch %D 2017 %P 31 S. %Z Sb 89 SOEPpapers %F Mono %F WP %1 DIW2017 %U http://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.574686.de/diw_sp0945.pdf %+ Claudia Diehl, Elisabeth Liebau %A Diehl, Claudia;Liebau, Elisabeth;Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, DIW Berlin %X This study addresses the difficulty in linking ethnic discrimination and integration outcomes of immigrants in empirical research. Many of the existing studies look at the relationship between perceived discrimination and integration, but most are based on cross-sectional data. We argue that perceived discrimination should not be taken as an accurate indicator of actual experiences of discrimination, but rather as a partly subjective interpretation of often ambiguous situations. Reported perceptions may thus not only affect but also reflect integration outcomes. This analysis is one of the few that is based on longitudinal survey data (from the German Socio-Economic Panel) and looks into both the determinants and the consequences of perceived discrimination. Results suggest that PD does in fact reflect both exposure to discrimination and attributional processes. Perceived discrimination is generally and substantially lower in more integrated individuals. More detailed analyses reveal that this link is correlational in nature and to some extent group specific. For groups facing salient ethnic boundaries, integration does not come along with less perceived discrimination. In line with previous studies, our results show further that minorities’ structural integration into the labor market is unrelated to perceived discrimination but reflects, above all, individual resources, including language skills and social ties to majority members. There is some evidence that perceived discrimination reduces levels of identification with the receiving society. %P 1999-11-30 %C Berlin %I DIW Berlin %B SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research at DIW Berlin ; 945 %K Daten SOEP;SOEP Integration, Migration und Transnationalisierung;Demographie und Bevölkerung;Diskriminierung;Migranten;Migration %U http://hdl.handle.net/10419/173391 %0 Book %8 19.01.2018 %M 9013190 %T How far Reaches the Power of Personality? Personality Predictors of Terminal Decline in Well-Being %G Englisch %D 2017 %P 56 S. %Z Sb 89 SOEPpapers %F Mono %F WP %1 DIW2017 %U http://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.575532.de/diw_sp0944.pdf %+ Swantje Mueller, Jenny Wagner, Gert G. Wagner, Nilam Ram, Denis Gerstorf %A Müller, Swantje;Wagner, Jenny;Wagner, Gert G.;Ram, Nilam;Gerstorf, Denis;Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, DIW Berlin %X Personality is a powerful predictor of central life outcomes, including subjective well-being. Yet, we still know little about how personality manifests in the very last years of life when well-being typically falls rapidly. Here, we investigate whether the Big Five personality traits buffer (or magnify) terminal decline in well-being beyond and in interaction with functioning in key physical and social domains. We applied growth models to up to 10-year longitudinal data from 629 now deceased participants in the nation-wide German Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP; age at death: M = 76 years; SD = 11). Lower neuroticism and higher conscientiousness were each uniquely associated with higher late-life well-being one year prior to death. At the same time, participants low in neuroticism experienced steeper terminal well-being declines. Similarly, individuals high in agreeableness and women high in extraversion reported higher well-being far away from death, but experienced more severe terminal decline, such that personality-related differences in well-being were not discernible anymore at one year prior to death. Interaction effects further revealed that individuals suffering from disability benefit less from higher levels of conscientiousness, while openness to experience appeared particularly beneficial for the less educated. We conclude that in the context of often severe late-life health challenges that accompany the last years of life, adaptive personality-related differences continue to be evident and sizeable for some traits, but appear to diminish and even reverse in direction for other traits. We discuss possible underlying mechanisms and practical implications. %P 1999-11-30 %C Berlin %I DIW Berlin %B SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research at DIW Berlin ; 944 %K Daten SOEP;SOEP Einstellungen, Werte und Persönlichkeit;SOEP Demografie und Bevölkerung;SOEP Gesundheit und Pflege;Soziales und Gesundheit;Private Haushalte und Familien;Demographie und Bevölkerung;Persönlichkeit;Lebenszufriedenheit;Lebensqualität %U http://hdl.handle.net/10419/173390 %0 Book %8 20.12.2017 %M 9013108 %T Biased by Success and Failure: How Unemployment Shapes Stated Locus of Control %G Englisch %D 2017 %P 40 S. %Z Sb 89 SOEPpapers %F Mono %F WP %1 DIW2017 %U http://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.574046.de/diw_sp0943.pdf %+ Malte Preuss, Juliane Hennecke %A Preuss, Malte;Hennecke, Juliane;Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, DIW Berlin %X Due to its extraordinary explanatory power for individual behavior, the interest in the concept of locus of control (LOC) has increased substantially within applied economic research. But, even though LOC has been found to affect economic behavior in many ways, the reliability of these findings is at risk as they commonly rely on the assumption that LOC is stable over the life course. While absolute stability has been generally rejected, the extent to which LOC and thus personality changes is, nonetheless, strongly debated. We contribute to this discussion by analyzing the effect of unemployment on LOC. Based on German panel data, we apply a difference-in-difference approach by using an involuntary job loss as trigger for unemployment. Overall, we find a significant shift in stated LOC due to unemployment. Because the effect is observable during unemployment only and not heterogeneous with respect to individual characteristics or unemployment duration, we conclude that only the stated LOC is biased during unemployment but the underlying personality trait itself is not affected. %P 1999-11-30 %C Berlin %I DIW Berlin %B SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research at DIW Berlin ; 943 %K C83;J24;J64;J65 %K Daten SOEP;SOEP Einstellungen, Werte und Persönlichkeit;SOEP Arbeit und Beschäftigung;SOEP Surveymethodik;Arbeit und Beschäftigung;Private Haushalte und Familien;Arbeitslosigkeit;Persönlichkeit;Panel;Qualifikation;Datenerhebung %U http://hdl.handle.net/10419/172820 %0 Book %8 24.11.2017 %M 9012968 %T Less Alimony after Divorce – Spouses’ Behavioral Response to the 2008 Alimony Reform in Germany %G Englisch %D 2017 %P 31 S. %Z Sb 89 SOEPpapers %F Mono %F WP %1 DIW2017 %U http://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.571628.de/diw_sp0942.pdf %+ Julia Bredtmann, Christina Vonnahme %A Bredtmann, Julia;Vonnahme, Christina;Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, DIW Berlin %X The 2008 alimony reform in Germany considerably reduced post-marital and caregiver alimony. We analyze how individuals adapted to these changed rulings in terms of labor supply, the intra-household allocation of leisure, and marital stability. We use the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) and conduct a difference-in-difference analysis to investigate couples’ behavioral responses to the reform. The results do not confirm theoretical expectations from labor supply and household bargaining models. In particular, we do not find evidence that women increase their labor supply as a result of the negative expected income effect. Neither do our results reveal that leisure is shifted from women to men as a response to the changed bargaining positions. In contrast, we find evidence that the reform has led to an increase in the probability to separate for married as opposed to non-married cohabiting couples. %P 1999-11-30 %C Berlin %I DIW Berlin %B SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research at DIW Berlin ; 942 %K J12;J13;J22 %K Daten SOEP;SOEP Familie und soziale Netzwerke;SOEP Arbeit und Beschäftigung;SOEP Demografie und Bevölkerung;Arbeit und Beschäftigung;Demographie und Bevölkerung;Ehe;Frauenerwerbstätigkeit %U http://hdl.handle.net/10419/172448 %0 Book %8 24.11.2017 %M 9012967 %T Examining the “Veggie” Personality: Results from a Representative German Sample %G Englisch %D 2017 %P 40 S. %Z Sb 89 SOEPpapers %F Mono %F WP %1 DIW2017 %U http://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.571626.de/diw_sp0941.pdf %+ Tamara M. Pfeiler, Boris Egloff %A Pfeiler, Tamara M;Egloff, Boris;Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, DIW Berlin %X An increasing proportion of people choose to follow a vegetarian diet. To date, however, little is known about if and how individual differences in personality relate to following a vegetarian diet. In the two studies presented here, we aimed to (1) estimate the prevalence of self-defined vegetarians in two waves of a German representative sample (N = 4,496 and 5,125, respectively), (2) analyze the effect of socio-demographic variables on dietary behavior, and (3) examine individual differences between vegetarians and meat eaters in personality traits, political attitudes, and health-related variables. In Study 1, a strict definition of vegetarians was used, while in Study 2 the definition was laxer, to include also individuals who only predominantly followed a vegetarian diet. The prevalence of self-defined vegetarians was 2.74% in Study 1, and 5.97% in Study 2. Participants who were female, younger, and more educated were more likely to report following a vegetarian diet in both studies, and vegetarians had higher income as compared to meat eaters in Study 2. We also found differences between vegetarians and meat eaters with regard to personality traits, political attitudes, and health-related variables. Stepwise logistic regression analyses showed a unique effect beyond socio-demographic variables for openness (Studies 1 and 2), conscientiousness (Study 1), trust (Study 2), conservatism (Studies 1 and 2), and level of interest in politics (Study 1) on diet: Individuals with higher scores in openness and political interest had a higher probability of being vegetarian, whereas people with higher scores in conscientiousness and conservatism had a smaller likelihood of being vegetarian. We conclude that there are individual differences between vegetarians and meat eaters in socio-demographics, personality traits, and political attitudes. %P 1999-11-30 %C Berlin %I DIW Berlin %B SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research at DIW Berlin ; 941 %K Daten SOEP;SOEP Einstellungen, Werte und Persönlichkeit;SOEP Demografie und Bevölkerung;Demographie und Bevölkerung;Private Haushalte und Familien;Fleisch;Ernährungsverhalten;Persönlichkeit;Politische Einstellung %U http://hdl.handle.net/10419/172447 %0 Book %8 06.12.2017 %M 9013036 %T The Working Class Left Behind? The Class Gap in Life Satisfaction in Germany and Switzerland over the Last Decades %G Englisch %D 2017 %P 28 S. %Z Sb 89 SOEPpapers %F Mono %F WP %1 DIW2017 %U http://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.572789.de/diw_sp0940.pdf %+ Oliver Lipps, Daniel Oesch %A Lipps, Oliver;Oesch, Daniel;Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, DIW Berlin %X The 1990s and 2000s were a gloomy period for Germany’s working class, hit by mass unemployment, welfare retrenchment and wage stagnation. We examine whether the growing economic disparity between the top and the bottom of Germany’s class structure was accompanied by a widening class gap in life satisfaction. We analyse whether there is a social class gradient in life satisfaction and whether, over the last decades, this class gradient increased in Germany, relative to the comparison case of Switzerland. We use panel data for Germany (1984-2014) and Switzerland (2000-2015) and check the robustness of our results by replicating our analysis with the pooled German and Swiss samples of the European Social Survey (2002-2014). In both countries, respondents in higher classes report substantially higher life satisfaction than those in lower classes. The class gap is twice as large in Germany than in Switzerland. In Germany, the class gap in life satisfaction narrowed between 1984 and 1990, strongly widened between 1990 and 2005 and then decreased again after 2010. In Switzerland, the class gap did not follow a clear time trend, but remained basically constant. In Germany, differences in unemployment risks and household income account for half of the class gap and its evolution over time. %P 1999-11-30 %C Berlin %I DIW Berlin %B SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research at DIW Berlin ; 940 %K Daten SOEP;SOEP Arbeit und Beschäftigung;SOEP Internationaler Vergleich;SOEP Einstellungen, Werte und Persönlichkeit;Arbeit und Beschäftigung;Private Haushalte und Familien;Soziales und Gesundheit;Lebenszufriedenheit;Arbeiter;Deutschland ;Schweiz;Panel;Arbeitslosigkeit;Soziale Gruppe;Soziale Ungleichheit %U http://hdl.handle.net/10419/172821 %0 Book %8 06.11.2017 %M 9012866 %T Information Asymmetries between Parents and Educators in German Childcare Institutions %G Englisch %D 2017 %P 38 S. %Z Sb 89 SOEPpapers %F Mono %F WP %1 DIW2017 %U http://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.568462.de/diw_sp0939.pdf %+ Georg F. Camehl, Pia S. Schober, C. Katharina Spieß %A Camehl, Georg F.;Schober, Pia S.;Spieß, C. Katharina;Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, DIW Berlin %X Economic theory predicts market failure in the market for early childhood education and care (ECEC) due to information asymmetries. We empirically investigate information asymmetries between parents and ECEC professionals in Germany, making use of a unique extension of the German Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP). It allows us to compare quality perceptions by parents and pedagogic staff of 734 ECEC institutions which were attended by children in SOEP households. Parents and staff were asked to rate the same quality measures. We detect considerable information asymmetries between these groups which differ across quality measures but little by parental socio-economic background or center characteristics. Our findings imply that information is not readily available to parents, an issue that should be addressed by policy-makers. %P 1999-11-30 %C Berlin %I DIW Berlin %B SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research at DIW Berlin ; 939 %K Daten SOEP;SOEP Bildung und Qualifikation;SOEP Familie und soziale Netzwerke;Private Haushalte und Familien;Bildung, Kultursektor, Non-Profit-Sektor;Kinderbetreuung;Themenliste Kinderbetreuung - Familien- und Bildungspolitik;Eltern;Deutschland ;Bildung;Bildung, Kultursektor, Non-Profit-Sektor;Bildungswesen;Demographie und Bevölkerung %U http://hdl.handle.net/10419/171294 %0 Book %8 06.11.2017 %M 9012865 %T The Space of Capital: A Latent Class Analysis of Capital Portfolios in Germany %G Englisch %D 2017 %P 22 S. %Z Sb 89 SOEPpapers %F Mono %F WP %1 DIW2017 %U http://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.568457.de/diw_sp0938.pdf %+ Nora Waitkus, Olaf Groh-Samberg %A Waitkus, Nora;Groh-Samberg, Olaf;Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, DIW Berlin %X The aim of this paper is to construct the “space of capital” based on disaggregated measures of capital portfolios and to analyze the dynamics of class mobility over time. Drawing on Pierre Bourdieu’s concept of the “social space”, we argue that it is possible to directly assess the structural dimensions of the social space as a space of (economic and cultural) capital, including wealth as an important but often neglected form of economic capital. Using household panel data from 2002-2012 (SOEP), we apply latent class analysis in order to detect distinct classes based on specific capital portfolios. We find nine classes with diverging capital portfolios. When interpreting the nine latent classes, we find clear evidence for the two main axis of the social space, namely the vertical axis of the overall volume of capital, and the horizontal axis representing the composition of capital in terms of the relative weight of economic and cultural capital. Further exploration of class mobility reveals that the horizontal axis is even more stable over time. Most mobility occurs along the vertical axis of the social space, while there is only little horizontal mobility indicating that individuals rarely change their investment and accumulation strategies. This research adds to Bourdieu inspired class analysis as well as sociological perspectives on wealth and accumulation. %P 1999-11-30 %C Berlin %I DIW Berlin %B SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research at DIW Berlin ; 938 %K Daten SOEP;SOEP Einkommen, Steuern und Soziale Sicherung;SOEP Bildung und Qualifikation;SOEP Wohnen, Ausstattung und Leistungen privater HH;Bauen und Wohnen;Private Haushalte und Familien;Öffentliche Finanzen und Finanzwissenschaft;Kapital;Soziale Schicht;Deutschland %U http://hdl.handle.net/10419/171293 %0 Book %8 06.11.2017 %M 9012864 %T Employment and Human Capital Investment Intentions among Recent Refugees in Germany %G Englisch %D 2017 %P 17 S. %Z Sb 89 SOEPpapers %F Mono %F WP %1 DIW2017 %U http://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.568455.de/diw_sp0937.pdf %+ Peter Haan, Martin Kroh, Kent Troutman %A Haan, Peter;Kroh, Martin;Troutman, Kent;Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, DIW Berlin %X Motivations to participate in the labour market as well as to invest in labour market skills are crucial forthe successful integration of refugees. In this paper we use a unique dataset – the IAB-BAMF-SOEPRefugee Survey, which is a representative longitudinal study of all refugees reported on administrativerecords in Germany – and analyse which determinants and characteristics are correlated with highmotivation and intention to participate in the labour market. We find that overall men have a strongintention to work and to invest in human capital. The result for women is different: among women,having children, lack of German language skills, and having no previous work experience significantlyand consistently correlate with lower expectations and intentions of future economic integration.Furthermore, we find a significant relationship between the degree of traditional or patriarchal views ofwomen’s societal roles, and our corresponding outcomes of interest. %P 1999-11-30 %C Berlin %I DIW Berlin %B SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research at DIW Berlin ; 937 %K F22;J22;J24 %K Daten SOEP;SOEP Integration, Migration und Transnationalisierung;SOEP Arbeit und Beschäftigung;SOEP Demografie und Bevölkerung;Demographie und Bevölkerung;Arbeit und Beschäftigung;Flüchtlinge;Deutschland ;Humankapital;Arbeitsmarkt;Integration;Investition %0 Book %8 25.10.2017 %M 9012832 %T The Rise of Precarious Employment in Germany %G Englisch %D 2017 %P 40 S. %Z Sb 89 SOEPpapers %F Mono %F WP %1 DIW2017 %U http://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.567683.de/diw_sp0936.pdf %+ David Brady, Thomas Biegert %A Brady, David;Biegert, Thomas;Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, DIW Berlin %X Long considered the classic coordinated market economy featuring employment security and relatively little employment precarity, the German labor market has undergone profound changes in recent decades. We assess the evidence for a rise in precarious employment in Germany from 1984 to 2013. Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) through the Luxembourg Income Study, we examine low-wage employment, working poverty, and temporary employment. We also analyze changes in the demographics and the education/skill level of the German labor force. Although employment overall has increased, there has been a simultaneous significant increase in earnings and wage inequality. Moreover, there has been a clear increase in all three measures of precarious employment. The analyses reveal that models including a wide variety of independent variables – demographic, education/skill, job/work characteristics, and region – cannot explain the rise of precarious employment. Instead, we propose institutional change is the most plausible explanation. In addition to reunification and major social policy and labor market reforms, we highlight the dramatic decline of unionization among German workers. We conclude that while there are elements of stability to the German coordinated market economy, Germany increasingly exhibits substantial dualization, liberalization, inequality, and precarity. %P 1999-11-30 %C Berlin %I DIW Berlin %B SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research at DIW Berlin ; 936 %K Daten SOEP;SOEP Arbeit und Beschäftigung;SOEP Einkommen, Steuern und Soziale Sicherung;Private Haushalte und Familien;Arbeit und Beschäftigung;Beschäftigung;Deutschland %U http://hdl.handle.net/10419/171291 %0 Book %8 25.10.2017 %M 9012831 %T Thinking about Tomorrow? Predicting Experimental Choice Behavior and Life Outcomes from a Survey Measure of Present Bias %G Englisch %D 2017 %P 20 S. %Z Sb 89 SOEPpapers %F Mono %F WP %1 DIW2017 %U http://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.567681.de/diw_sp0935.pdf %+ Pia R. Pinger %A Pinger, Pia R.;Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, DIW Berlin %X Using a representative sample of the German adult population, this paper investigates the extent to which a survey measure of present bias predicts present-biased choice behavior in incentive-compatible experiments and real-world outcomes related to in-vestments in financial assets and human capital. The results are threefold. First, the survey and experimental measures of present bias are significantly related. Second, the survey measure predicts choices between immediate and delayed monetary payoffs inan incentive-compatible experiment, but not between payoffs at two future points in time. Third, the survey measure of present bias is a good predictor of the propensity to save money, to obtain a university degree, and to maintain a healthy life style. In most specifications, the survey measure tends to be a stronger predictor of real life outcomes than the experimentally elicited measure of present bias. %P 1999-11-30 %C Berlin %I DIW Berlin %B SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research at DIW Berlin ; 935 %K D01;D03;C91;D91 %K Daten SOEP;SOEP Bildung und Qualifikation;SOEP Gesundheit und Pflege;SOEP Einstellungen, Werte und Persönlichkeit;Private Haushalte und Familien;Soziales und Gesundheit;Bildung, Kultursektor, Non-Profit-Sektor;Mikroökonomik;Verhaltensökonomik;Experiment;Verhalten;Konsumentenverhalten %U http://hdl.handle.net/10419/171290 %0 Book %8 12.10.2017 %M 9012781 %T Broadband Internet, Digital Temptations, and Sleep %G Englisch %D 2017 %P 11 S. %Z Sb 89 SOEPpapers %F Mono %F WP %1 DIW2017 %U http://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.566906.de/diw_sp0934.pdf %+ Francesco C. Billari, Osea Giuntella, Luca Stella %A Billari, Francesco C.;Giuntella, Osea;Stella, Luca;Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, DIW Berlin %X There is a growing concern that the widespread use of computers, mobile phones and other digital devices before bedtime disrupts our sleep with detrimental effects on our health and cognitive performance. High-speed Internet promotes the use of electronic devices, video games and Internet addiction (e.g., online games and cyberloafing). Exposure to artificial light from tablets and PCs can alterate individuals’ sleep patterns. However, there is little empirical evidence on the causal relationship between technology use near bedtime and sleep. This paper studies the causal effects of access to high-speed Internet on sleep. We first show that playing video games, using PC or smartphones, watching TV or movies are correlated with shorter sleep duration. Second, we exploit historical differences in pre-existing telephone infrastructure that affected the deployment of high-speed Internet across Germany (see Falck et al., 2014) to identify a source of plausibly exogenous variation in access to Broadband. Using this instrumental variable strategy, we find that DSL access reduces sleep duration and sleep satisfaction. %P 1999-11-30 %C Berlin %I DIW Berlin %B SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research at DIW Berlin ; 934 %K I1;J22 %K Daten SOEP;SOEP Zeitverwendung und Umweltverhalten;SOEP Gesundheit und Pflege;Soziales und Gesundheit;Medienwirtschaft, Telekommunikation, Informationswirtschaft;Internet;Zeitverwendung;Gesundheit %U http://hdl.handle.net/10419/171289 %0 Book %8 12.10.2017 %M 9012780 %T Reluctant to Reform? A Note on Risk-Loving Politicians and Bureaucrats %G Englisch %D 2017 %P 11 S. %Z Sb 89 SOEPpapers %F Mono %F WP %1 DIW2017 %U http://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.566902.de/diw_sp0933.pdf %+ Tobias Thomas, Moritz Heß, Gert G. Wagner %A Thomas, Tobias;Heß, Moritz;Wagner, Gert G.;Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, DIW Berlin %X As from a political economy perspective, politicians often fail to implement structural reforms, we investigate if the resistance to reform is based on the differences in the risk preferences of voters, politicians, and bureaucrats. Based on the empirical results of a survey of the population in Germany, 175 members of the Federal German Parliament (Bundestag), and 106 officials (“bureaucrats”) from German ministries, this is not the case. Since both politicians and bureaucrats have a higher risk appetite than the general population, their risk preferences cannot be seen as an explanation for the resistance to structural reform. Hence, it must be caused by other reasons. These can be for instance – as public choice scholars argue – interventions by veto players, wars of attrition by powerful interest groups, or reform logjams initiated. However, another point of view could be that modern democracies are doing better than many believe. During times of populist campaigns, the election process can put forth candidates with very high risk appetites, but the constitutions of democracies turn out to be rather smart if hazardous actions and measures by political rookies and gamblers are inhibited by checks and balances. %P 1999-11-30 %C Berlin %I DIW Berlin %B SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research at DIW Berlin ; 933 %K D71;D78;H11;H70;P16;Z13 %K Daten SOEP;Politiker;Politische Beteiligung;Entscheidung;Staat;Wirtschaftssoziologie;Wirtschaftsordnung und Wirtschaftspolitik;Neue Institutionenökonomik;Risikobereitschaft;Deutschland ;SOEP;SOEP Einstellungen, Werte und Persönlichkeit %U http://hdl.handle.net/10419/171288 %0 Book %8 12.10.2017 %M 9012779 %T The Dynamics of Solo Self-Employment: Persistence and Transition to Employership %G Englisch %D 2017 %P 33 S. %Z Sb 89 SOEPpapers %F Mono %F WP %1 DIW2017 %U http://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.566900.de/diw_sp0932.pdf %+ Daniel S. J. Lechmann, Christoph Wunder %A Lechmann, Daniel S. J.;Wunder, Christoph;Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, DIW Berlin %X This study examines dynamics of solo self-employment. In particular, we investigate the extent of true state dependence and cross state dependence, i.e., whether experiencing solo selfemployment causally affects the probability of becoming an employer in the future. We use data from the German Socio-Economic Panel to estimate dynamic multinomial logit models. Our results show that the extent of true (cross) state dependence is rather small. The observed persistence in solo self-employment as well as transitions from solo self-employment to employership can largely be explained by observed and unobserved heterogeneity. %P 1999-11-30 %C Berlin %I DIW Berlin %B SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research at DIW Berlin ; 932 %K J23;J62 %K Daten SOEP;SOEP Arbeit und Beschäftigung;Arbeit und Beschäftigung;Selbstständige;Unternehmer;Deutschland %U http://hdl.handle.net/10419/171287 %0 Book %8 14.09.2017 %M 9012632 %T Reconsidering the Income-Illness Relationship Using Distributional Regression: An Application to Germany %G Englisch %D 2017 %P 40 S. %Z Sb 89 SOEPpapers %F Mono %F WP %1 DIW2017 %U http://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.564653.de/diw_sp0931.pdf %+ Alexander Silbersdorff, Julia Lynch, Stephan Klasen, Thomas Kneib %A Silbersdorff, Alexander;Lynch, Julia;Klasen, Stephan;Kneib, Thomas;Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, DIW Berlin %X In this paper we reconsider the relationship between income on health, taking a distributional perspective rather than one centered on conditional expectation. Using Structured Additive Distributional Regression, we find that the association between income on health is larger than generally estimated because aspects of the conditional health distribution that go beyond the expectation imply worse outcomes for those with lower incomes. Looking at German data from the Socio Economic Panel, we find that the risk of very bad health is roughly halved when doubling the net equivalent income from 15,000 Euro to 30,000 Euro, which is more than tenfold of the magnitude of change found when considering expected health measures. This paper therefore argues that when studying health outcomes, a distributional perspective that considers stochastic variation among observationally equivalent individuals is warranted. %P 1999-11-30 %C Berlin %I DIW Berlin %B SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research at DIW Berlin ; 931 %K I14;C13;C21 %K Daten SOEP;SOEP Gesundheit und Pflege;SOEP Einkommen, Steuern und Soziale Sicherung;SOEP Surveymethodik;Soziales und Gesundheit;Private Haushalte und Familien;Regressionsanalyse;Verteilungstheorie;Gesundheit;Einkommen;Schätzung;Ökonometrisches Modell %U http://hdl.handle.net/10419/171286 %0 Book %8 12.10.2017 %M 9012778 %T Where Does the Good Shepherd Go? Civic Virtue and Sorting into Public Sector Employment %G Englisch %D 2017 %P 36 S. %Z Sb 89 SOEPpapers %F Mono %F WP %1 DIW2017 %U http://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.566886.de/diw_sp0930.pdf %+ Omar Adam Ayaita, Filiz Gülal, Philip Yang %A Ayaita, Omar Adam;Gülal, Filiz;Yang, Philip;Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, DIW Berlin %X Several studies have analyzed different motives to work in the public versus private sector. Some studies focus on prosocial motivation, others focus on need for security (risk aversion). However, the study of prosocial motivation in the context of public sector employment has largely focused on altruism and neglected other forms of prosocial motivation, in particular civic virtue, the motive to contribute to the society. In addition, it is unclear whether the positive relationship between prosocial motivation and public sector employment is due to selection at the career start or socialization during the career. Our study extends the understanding of the motivational basis of public sector employment by considering civic virtue in addition to altruism and risk aversion and by investigating selection and socialization. Using a largely representative, longitudinal data set of employees in Germany including 63,101 observations of 13,673 different individuals, we find that civic virtue relates positively to public sector employment beyond altruism and risk aversion. We find evidence on selection and no evidence on socialization as an explanation for this result. Our study offers important insight into the motivational basis of public versus private sector employment and has implications for employers’ attempts to attract and retain suitable employees. %P 1999-11-30 %C Berlin %I DIW Berlin %B SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research at DIW Berlin ; 930 %K H0;H1;J45;M5 %K Daten SOEP;SOEP Einstellungen, Werte und Persönlichkeit;SOEP Arbeit und Beschäftigung;SOEP Zeitverwendung und Umweltverhalten;Arbeit und Beschäftigung;Private Haushalte und Familien;Öffentlicher Sektor;Privatwirtschaft;Motivation;Soziale Werte;Beschäftigung;Sozialisation %U http://hdl.handle.net/10419/171285 %0 Book %8 11.09.2017 %M 9012599 %T Arbeitsmarktposition und Arbeitszufriedenheit: quer- und längsschnittliche Befunde auf Basis des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels (SOEP) %G Deutsch %D 2017 %P 21 S. %Z Sb 89 SOEPpapers %F Mono %F WP %1 DIW2017 %U http://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.564240.de/diw_sp0929.pdf %+ Marco Giesselmann, Mila Staneva, Jürgen Schupp, David Richter %A Giesselmann, Marco;Staneva, Mila;Schupp, Jürgen;Richter, David;Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, DIW Berlin %X Auf Basis repräsentativer Daten des Sozio-oekonomischen Panel (SOEP) können wir zeigen, dass das Lohnniveau und der berufliche Status positiv, die Anzahl an Überstunden dagegen negativ mit der Arbeitszufriedenheit zusammenhängen. Die Anwendung stringenter längsschnittlichen Analyselogiken (bzw. die damit verbundene, vollständige Kontrolle von personenspezifischer Heterogenität) legt nahe, dass es sich bei diesen Zusammenhängen um kausale Verknüpfungen handelt. Insbesondere der Forschungsstand zu Lohneffekten auf die Arbeitszufriedenheit wird dabei herausgefordert, da die Größe des von uns ermittelten Lohneffektes deutlich geringer ist als in den meisten querschnittlichen Referenzstudien. %P 1999-11-30 %C Berlin %I DIW Berlin %B SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research at DIW Berlin ; 929 %K Daten SOEP;SOEP Arbeit und Beschäftigung;SOEP Einkommen, Steuern und Soziale Sicherung;Arbeit und Beschäftigung;Private Haushalte und Familien;Arbeitsmarkt;Arbeitszufriedenheit;Analyse %U http://hdl.handle.net/10419/168452 %0 Book %8 11.09.2017 %M 9012601 %T Does Broadband Internet Affect Fertility? %G Englisch %D 2017 %P 33 S. %Z Sb 89 SOEPpapers %F Mono %F WP %1 DIW2017 %U http://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.564258.de/diw_sp0928.pdf %+ Francesco C. Billari, Osea Giuntella, Luca Stella %A Billari, Francesco C.;Giuntella, Osea;Stella, Luca;Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, DIW Berlin %X The spread of high-speed Internet epitomizes the digital revolution, affecting several aspects of our life. Using German panel data, we test whether the availability of broadband Internet influences fertility choices in a low-fertility setting, which is well-known for the difficulty to combine work and family life. We exploit a strategy devised by Falck et al. (2014) to obtain causal estimates of the impact of broadband on fertility. We find positive effects of highspeed Internet availability on the fertility of high-educated women aged 25 and above. Effects are not statistically significant both for men, low-educated women, and under 25. We also show that broadband access significantly increases the share of women reporting teleworking or part-time working. Furthermore, we find positive effects on time spent with children and overall life satisfaction. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that high-speed Internet allows high-educated women to conciliate career and motherhood, which may promote fertility with a “digital divide”. At the same time, higher access to information on the risks and costs of early pregnancy and childbearing may explain the negative effects on younger adults. %P 1999-11-30 %C Berlin %I DIW Berlin %B SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research at DIW Berlin ; 928 %K J11;J22 %K Daten SOEP;SOEP Demografie und Bevölkerung;SOEP Arbeit und Beschäftigung;SOEP Bildung und Qualifikation;Bildung, Kultursektor, Non-Profit-Sektor;Arbeit und Beschäftigung;Demographie und Bevölkerung;Soziales und Gesundheit;Fertilität;Internet;Telearbeit;Arbeitszeit;Freizeit %U http://hdl.handle.net/10419/168451 %0 Book %8 11.09.2017 %M 9012600 %T Equality of Opportunity for Well-Being %G Englisch %D 2017 %P 40 S. %Z Sb 89 SOEPpapers %F Mono %F WP %1 DIW2017 %U http://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.564256.de/diw_sp0927.pdf %+ Daniel Gerszon Mahler, Xavier Ramos %A Mahler, Daniel Gerszon;Ramos, Xavier;Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, DIW Berlin %X A growing literature has tried to measure the extent to which individuals have equal opportunities to acquire income. At the same time, policy makers have doubled down on efforts to go beyond income when measuring well-being. We attempt to bridge these two areas by measuring the extent to which individuals have equal opportunities to achieve a high level of well-being. We use the German Socio-Economic Panel to measure well-being in four different ways including incomes. This makes it possible to determine if the way well-being is measured matters for identifying who the opportunity-deprived are and for tracking inequality of opportunity over time. We find that, regardless of how well-being is measured, the same people are opportunity-deprived and equality of opportunity has improved over the past 20 years. This suggests that going beyond income has little relevance if the objective is to provide equal opportunities. %P 1999-11-30 %C Berlin %I DIW Berlin %B SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research at DIW Berlin ; 927 %K D3;D63;I31 %K Daten SOEP;SOEP Bildung und Qualifikation;SOEP Demografie und Bevölkerung;SOEP Einkommen, Steuern und Soziale Sicherung;Private Haushalte und Familien;Demographie und Bevölkerung;Soziales und Gesundheit;Einkommensungleichheit;Einkommensverteilung;Lebenszufriedenheit;Gerechtigkeit;Soziale Gerechtigkeit;Wohlstand %U http://hdl.handle.net/10419/168450 %0 Book %8 14.09.2017 %M 9012629 %T Dynamics of Income Rank Volatility: Evidence from Germany and the US %G Englisch %D 2017 %P 32 S. %Z Sb 89 SOEPpapers %F Mono %F WP %1 DIW2017 %U http://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.564651.de/diw_sp0926.pdf %+ Louis Chauvel, Anne Hartung, Flaviana Palmisano %A Chauvel, Louis;Hartung, Anne;Palmisano, Flaviana;Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, DIW Berlin %X This paper presents a methodology for comparing income rank volatility profiles over time and across distributions. While most of the existing measures are affected by changes in marginal distributions, this paper proposes a framework that is based on individuals’ relative positions in the distribution, and is neutral in relation to structural changes that occur in the economy. Applying this approach to investigate rank volatility in Germany and the US over three decades, we show that while poorer individuals within both countries are the most volatile, the volatility trend for the middle class in each of these countries differs. %P 1999-11-30 %C Berlin %I DIW Berlin %B SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research at DIW Berlin ; 926 %K D31;J6;I30 %K Daten SOEP;SOEP Einkommen, Steuern und Soziale Sicherung;SOEP Internationaler Vergleich;Makroökonomik;Einkommensungleichheit;Mittelschicht;Risiko;Deutschland ;USA %U http://hdl.handle.net/10419/171295 %0 Book %8 17.08.2017 %M 9012503 %T Income or Leisure? On the Hidden Benefits of (Un-)Employment %G Englisch %D 2017 %P 38 S. %Z Sb 89 SOEPpapers %F Mono %F WP %1 DIW2017 %U http://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.563345.de/diw_sp0925.pdf %+ Adrian Chadi, Clemens Hetschko %A Chadi, Adrian;Hetschko, Clemens;Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, DIW Berlin %X We study the usually assumed trade-off between income and leisure in labor supply decisions using comprehensive German panel data. We compare non-employed individuals after plant closures with employed people regarding both income and time use as well as their subjective perceptions of these two factors. We find that the gain of non-working time translates into higher satisfaction with free time, while time spent on hobbies increases to a lesser extent than home production. Additionally, satisfaction with family life increases, which may be a hidden benefit of being unemployed. In contrast, satisfaction with income strongly declines when becoming jobless. Identity utility from earning a living may play the role of a hidden benefit of employment. Finally, we examine subjective assessments of income and leisure as potential predictors for job take-up. Non-employed people are particularly likely to take up a job soon when they are dissatisfied withtheir income. %P 1999-11-30 %C Berlin %I DIW Berlin %B SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research at DIW Berlin ; 925 %K D01;D13;I31;J22;J64;J65 %K Daten SOEP;SOEP Arbeit und Beschäftigung;SOEP Einkommen, Steuern und Soziale Sicherung;SOEP Zeitverwendung und Umweltverhalten;SOEP Familie und Netzwerke;SOEP Einstellungen, Werte und Persönlichkeit;Arbeit und Beschäftigung;Private Haushalte und Familien;Zeitverwendung;Freizeit;Beschäftigung;Arbeitslosigkeit;Lebenszufriedenheit;Einkommen;Familie %U http://hdl.handle.net/10419/168449 %0 Book %8 07.09.2017 %M 9012586 %T The Personality Profiles of Early Adopters of Energy-Efficient Technology %G Englisch %D 2017 %P 41 S. %Z Sb 89 SOEPpapers %F Mono %F WP %1 DIW2017 %U http://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.564046.de/diw_sp0924.pdf %+ Ante Busic-Sontic, Franz Fuerst %A Busic-Sontic, Ante;Fuerst, Franz;Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, DIW Berlin %X This study investigates whether energy efficiency investments are driven by differences in personality traits among homeowners. Using data on nearly 3,000 households in Germany, we estimate that compared to the median level, homeowners in the lowest quartile of Openness to Experience have 5.0%-23.4% lower propensity to invest in capital-intensive energy efficiency measures, while homeowners in the highest quartile of Agreeableness are 7.7%-18.0% less likelyto do so. Splitting the energy efficiency investments into two groups yields stronger effects of the same two personality traits for window modernisations and thermal insulation installations, whereas no impact of the personality traits is observed for solar energy and other alternative energy systems, possibly because subsidies for the latter were introduced much earlier in Germany, overriding any effects of personality traits in the investment decisions. These findings may also suggest that personality traits are of greater significance for marginal investors. %P 1999-11-30 %C Berlin %I DIW Berlin %B SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research at DIW Berlin ; 924 %K Daten SOEP;SOEP Einstellungen, Werte und Persönlichkeit;SOEP Zeitverwendung und Umweltverhalten;SOEP Wohnen, Ausstattung und Leistungen privater HH;Soziales und Gesundheit;Energieökonomik;Bauen und Wohnen;Persönlichkeit;Energieeffizienz im Gebäudebereich;Energieforschung;Technologie %U http://hdl.handle.net/10419/168448 %0 Book %8 08.08.2017 %M 9012475 %T Taxing Childcare: Effects on Childcare Choices, Family Labor Supply and Children %G Englisch %D 2017 %P 40 S. %Z Sb 89 SOEPpapers %F Mono %F WP %1 DIW2017 %U http://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.563086.de/diw_sp0923.pdf %+ Christina Gathmann, Björn Sass %A Gathmann, Christina;Sass, Björn;Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, DIW Berlin %X Previous studies report a range of estimates for the response of female labor supply and childcare attendance to childcare prices. We shed new light on these questions using a policy reform that raises the price of public daycare. After the reform, children are 8 percentage points less likely to attend public daycare which implies a compensated price elasticity of -0.6. There is little labor supply response in the full sample, though declines for vulnerable subgroups. Spillover effects on older siblings and fertility decisions show that the policy affects the whole household, not just targeted family members. %P 1999-11-30 %C Berlin %I DIW Berlin %B SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research at DIW Berlin ; 923 %K Daten SOEP;SOEP Bildung und Qualifikation;SOEP Arbeit und Beschäftigung;Arbeit und Beschäftigung;Bildung, Kultursektor, Non-Profit-Sektor;Kinderbetreuung;Frauenerwerbstätigkeit;Themenliste Kinderbetreuung - Familien- und Bildungspolitik %U http://hdl.handle.net/10419/167681 %0 Book %8 08.08.2017 %M 9012474 %T How Do Entrepreneurial Portfolios Respond to Income Taxation? %G Englisch %D 2017 %P 59 S. %Z Sb 89 SOEPpapers %F Mono %F WP %1 DIW2017 %U http://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.563081.de/diw_sp0922.pdf %+ Frank M. Fossen, Ray Rees, Davud Rostam-Afschar, Viktor Steiner %A Fossen, Frank M.;Rees, Ray;Rostam-Afschar, Davud;Steiner, Viktor;Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, DIW Berlin %X We investigate how personal income taxes affect the portfolio share of personal wealth that entrepreneurs invest in their own business. In a reformulation of the standard portfolio choice model that allows for underreporting of private business income to tax authorities, we show that a fall in the tax rate may increase investment in risky entrepreneurial business equity at the intensive margin, but decrease entrepreneurial investment at the extensive margin. To test these hypotheses, we use household survey panel data for Germany eliciting the personal wealth composition in detail in 2002, 2007, and 2012. We analyze the effects of personal income taxes on the portfolio shares of six asset classes of private households, including private business equity. In a system of simultaneous demand equations in first differences, we identify the tax effects by an instrumental variables approach exploiting tax reforms during our observation period. To account for selection into entrepreneurship, we use changes in entry regulation into skilled trades. Estimation results are consistent with the predictions of our theoretical model. An important policy insight is that lower taxes drive out businesses that are viable only due to tax avoidance or evasion, but increase investment in private businesses that are also worthwhile in the absence of taxes. %P 1999-11-30 %C Berlin %I DIW Berlin %B SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research at DIW Berlin ; 922 %K H24;H25;H26;L26;G11 %K Daten SOEP;SOEP Einkommen, Steuern und Soziale Sicherung;Öffentliche Finanzen und Finanzwissenschaft;Betriebswirtschaft und Unternehmensorganisation;Steuer;Einkommensteuer;Unternehmer;Finanzierung;Investition;Investitionsfinanzierung;Geld und Finanzmärkte;Themenliste Die Welt der Finanzmärkte;Portfolio-Management %U http://hdl.handle.net/10419/167680 %0 Book %8 08.08.2017 %M 9012473 %T The Returns to Personality Traits across the Wage Distribution %G Englisch %D 2017 %P 59 S. %Z Sb 89 SOEPpapers %F Mono %F WP %1 DIW2017 %U http://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.563076.de/diw_sp0921.pdf %+ Matthias Collischon %A Collischon, Matthias;Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, DIW Berlin %X This paper investigates heterogeneous wage effects of non-cognitive skills across the wage distribution. I develop a model of wage determination under uncertainty with respect to individual productivity based on three components (minimum wages, productivity premiums, bargaining premiums). Based on this model, I expect (i) a larger importance and (ii) larger effects of non-cognitive skills for high-wage employees compared to their low-wage counterparts. I test these hypotheses with unconditional quantile regressions using large-scale survey data from Germany, the UK, and Australia. To test the joint explanatory contribution of multiple variables within a quantile-regression framework, I propose a new statistic that quantifies the rise in explanatory power generated by additional explanatory variables. The findings indicate a rising importance as well as increasing effects of certain personality traits (agreeableness, neuroticism and risk taking) across the wage distribution for full-time employed males and females. %P 1999-11-30 %C Berlin %I DIW Berlin %B SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research at DIW Berlin ; 921 %K C21;J24;J31 %K Daten SOEP;SOEP Arbeit und Beschäftigung;SOEP Einstellungen, Werte und Persönlichkeit;Arbeit und Beschäftigung;Persönlichkeitspsychologie;Regressionsanalyse;Lohnniveau;Lohn %U http://hdl.handle.net/10419/167679 %0 Book %8 17.08.2017 %M 9012502 %T Smoking Behaviour in Germany: Evidence from the SOEP %G Englisch %D 2017 %P 103 S. %Z Sb 89 SOEPpapers %F Mono %F WP %1 DIW2017 %U http://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.563343.de/diw_sp0920.pdf %+ Daniela Heilert, Ashok Kaul %A Heilert, Daniela;Kaul, Ashok;Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, DIW Berlin %X As in most OECD countries, smoking prevalence and cigarette consumption have been decreasing in Germany since the early 2000s. This paper analyses whether smoking prevalence and cigarette consumption, as well as their development over time, differ between socio-economic subgroups. Identifying these differences provides insights into the effect of policy interventions on German smoking behaviour. Based on data from the Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP), a large longitudinal study of the German population, we find that both the decline in smoking prevalence and the decline in average cigarette consumption were probably driven by a behavioural change of younger people, as well as of those with a high educational level and those with a high income. People who quit smoking were on average more highly educated, had a higher income and had most likely a lower cigarette consumption (before quitting). In contrast, smoking prevalence increased among people who were older than 45 and had a low educational level and among those who were unemployed. Smoking prevalence among women was relatively constant over time. Indeed, the smoking prevalence of women and men converged over time, especially in older age groups. Daily cigarette consumption of smokers increased among 66-to-75-year-olds, although it decreased in all other age groups. One explanation might be that the tobacco control measures were successful only in certain socio-economic subgroups. Not only smoking prevalence, but also smoking intensity was higher among men, among those with a lower educational level and among those with a lower income. Especially for younger birth cohorts, smoking prevalence among those with a lower educational level was particularly high. Thus, based on data from 1998 through 2014, the so-called social gradient in smoking was only a distinct feature of younger birth cohorts, and not of older ones. %P 1999-11-30 %C Berlin %I DIW Berlin %B SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research at DIW Berlin ; 920 %K Daten SOEP;SOEP Gesundheit und Pflege;Soziales und Gesundheit;Rauchen;Panel;Deutschland %U http://hdl.handle.net/10419/168453 %0 Book %8 08.08.2017 %M 9012472 %T Levels of and Changes in Life Satisfaction Predict Mortality Hazards: Disentangling the Role of Physical Health, Perceived Control, and Social Orientation %G Englisch %D 2017 %P 39 S. : Anh. %Z Sb 89 SOEPpapers %F Mono %F WP %1 DIW2017 %U http://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.563073.de/diw_sp0919.pdf %+ Gizem Hülür, Jutta Heckhausen, Christiane A. Hoppmann, Frank J. Infurna, Gert G. Wagner, Nilam Ram, Denis Gerstorf %A Hülür, Gizem;Heckhausen, Jutta;Hoppmann, Christiane A.;Infurna, Frank J.;Wagner, Gert G.;Ram, Nilam;Gerstorf, Denis;Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, DIW Berlin %X It is well-documented that well-being typically evinces precipitous decrements at the end of life. However, research has primarily taken a postdictive approach by knowing the outcome (date of death) and aligning in retrospect how well-being has changed for people with documented death events. In the present study, we made use of a predictive approach by examining whether and how levels of and changes in life satisfaction prospectively predict mortality hazards and delineate the role of contributing factors, including health, perceived control, and social orientation. To do so, we applied shared parameter growth-survival models to 20-year longitudinal data from 10,597 participants (n = 1,560 or 15% deceased; age at baseline: M = 44 years, SD = 17, range: 18–98 years) from the national German Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP). Our findings showed that lower levels and steeper declines of life satisfaction each uniquely predicted higher mortality risks. Results also reveal moderating effects of age and perceived control: Life satisfaction levels and changes had stronger predictive effects for mortality hazards among older adults. Perceived control is associated with lower mortality hazards; however, this effect is diminished for those who experience accelerated life satisfaction decline. Variance decomposition suggests that predictive effects of life satisfaction trajectories were partially unique (3-6%) and partially shared with physical health, perceived control, and social orientation (16-19 %). Our discussion focuses on the strengths and challenges of a predictive approach to link developmental changes (in life satisfaction) to mortality hazards and considers implications of our findings for healthy aging. %P 1999-11-30 %C Berlin %I DIW Berlin %B SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research at DIW Berlin ; 919 %K Daten SOEP;SOEP Einstellungen, Werte und Persönlichkeit;SOEP Demografie und Bevölkerung;Demographie und Bevölkerung;Private Haushalte und Familien;Lebenszufriedenheit;Sterblichkeit;Gesundheitszustand;Panel %U http://hdl.handle.net/10419/167678 %0 Book %8 10.07.2017 %M 9012364 %T Worries across Time and Age in Germany: Bringing Together Open- and Close-Ended Questions %G Englisch %D 2017 %P 26 S. %Z Sb 89 SOEPpapers %F Mono %F WP %1 DIW2017 %U http://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.561412.de/diw_sp0918.pdf %+ Julia M. Rohrer, Martin Bruemmer, Jürgen Schupp, Gert G. Wagner %A Rohrer, Julia M.;Bruemmer, Martin;Schupp, Jürgen;Wagner, Gert G.;Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, DIW Berlin %X We investigate how worries in Germany change across time and age, drawing on both closed-ended questions (which typically list a number of worry items) and open-ended questions answered in text format. We find that relevant world events influence worries. For example, worries about peace peaked in 2003, the year of the Iraq War, with a considerable number of respondents also referring to the Iraq war in their text responses. Furthermore, we found that – controlling for these historical effects – worries about various topics such as health and the general economic situation increase with age. With increasing age, respondents also became more likely to answer the open-ended question. This suggests that the age increases in worries we found are not merely a result of an age-biased choice of worry items, but instead also hold for worries self-generated by the respondents. %P 1999-11-30 %C Berlin %I DIW Berlin %B SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research at DIW Berlin ; 918 %K C81;C83;I31;Z13 %K Daten SOEP;Private Haushalte und Familien;Lebensverlauf;Lebenszufriedenheit;Panel;SOEP Einstellungen, Werte und Persönlichkeit;SOEP Demografie und Bevölkerung;Demographie und Bevölkerung;Deutschland %U http://hdl.handle.net/10419/162804 %0 Book %8 10.07.2017 %M 9012363 %T The Effect of Private Health Insurance on Self-assessed Health Status and Health Satisfaction in Germany %G Englisch %D 2017 %P 23 S. %Z Sb 89 SOEPpapers %F Mono %F WP %1 DIW2017 %U http://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.561401.de/diw_sp0917.pdf %+ René Petilliot %A Petilliot, René;Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, DIW Berlin %X In Germany, private health insurance covers more innovative and costly treatments than public insurance. Moreover, privately insured individuals are treated preferentially by doctors. In this article, I use subjective health data to examine whether these superior features of private insurance actually transfer into better health. I focus on German adolescents who are still in education to control for selection and account for differences in health-conscious behavior between publicly and privately insured individuals. I find that privately and publicly insured individuals do not differ in health, which contrasts with previous research. Hence, doctors appear to be the sole profiteers of the private insurance system and billions of euros could be saved by aligning private and public health insurance. %P 1999-11-30 %C Berlin %I DIW Berlin %B SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research at DIW Berlin ; 917 %K I11;I12;I13;I18;I31 %K Daten SOEP;SOEP Gesundheit und Pflege;SOEP Einstellungen, Werte und Persönlichkeit;Private Haushalte und Familien;Soziales und Gesundheit;Private Krankenversicherung;Gesundheit;Gesundheitszustand;Lebenszufriedenheit;Gesetzliche Krankenversicherung;Deutschland %U http://hdl.handle.net/10419/162803 %0 Book %8 19.06.2017 %M 9012253 %T Health Effects of Instruction Intensity: Evidence from a Natural Experiment in German High-Schools %G Englisch %D 2017 %P 30 S. %Z Sb 89 SOEPpapers %F Mono %F WP %1 DIW2017 %U http://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.560203.de/diw_sp0916.pdf %+ Johanna Sophie Quis, Simon Reif %A Quis, Johanna Sophie;Reif, Simon;Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, DIW Berlin %X A large literature aims to establish a causal link between education and health using changes in compulsory schooling laws. It is however unclear how well more education is operationalized by marginal increases in school years. We shed a new light on this discussion by analyzing the health effects of a reform in Germany where total years of schooling forstudents in the academic track were reduced from nine to eight while keeping cumulative teaching hours constant by increasing instruction intensity. The sequential introduction of the reform allows us to implement a triple difference-in-differences estimation strategy with data from the German Socio-Economic Panel. We find that increased weekly instruction time has negative health effects for females while they are still in school. However, after graduation, females even seem to benefit from reduced school years. We find no effects on males’ health. %P 1999-11-30 %C Berlin %I DIW Berlin %B SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research at DIW Berlin ; 916 %K I19;I21;I28 %K Daten SOEP;SOEP Bildung und Qualifikation;SOEP Demografie und Bevölkerung;SOEP Gesundheit und Pflege;Soziales und Gesundheit;Bildung, Kultursektor, Non-Profit-Sektor;Demographie und Bevölkerung;Bildungsabschluss;Gesundheit;Experiment;Panel %U http://hdl.handle.net/10419/162590 %0 Book %8 08.06.2017 %M 9012200 %T Introducing Risk Adjustment and Free Health Plan Choice in Employer-Based Health Insurance: Evidence from Germany %G Englisch %D 2017 %P 45 S. %Z Sb 89 SOEPpapers %F Mono %F WP %1 DIW2017 %U http://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.559815.de/diw_sp0915.pdf %+ Adam Pilny, Ansgar Wübker, Nicolas R. Ziebarth %A Pilny, Adam;Wübker, Ansgar;Ziebarth, Nicolas R.;Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, DIW Berlin %X To equalize differences in health plan premiums due to differences in risk pools, the German legislature introduced a simple Risk Adjustment Scheme (RAS) based on age, gender and disability status in 1994. In addition, effective 1996, consumers gained the freedom to choose among hundreds of existing health plans, across employers and state-borders. This paper (a) estimates RAS pass-through rates on premiums, financial reserves, and expenditures and assesses the overall RAS impact on market price dispersion. Moreover, it (b) characterizes health plan switchers and investigates their annual and cumulative switching rates over time. Our main findings are based on representative enrollee panel data linked to administrative RAS and health plan data. We show that sickness funds with bad risk pools and high pre-RAS premiums lowered their total premiums by 42 cents per additional euro allocated by the RAS. Consequently, post-RAS, health plan prices converged but not fully. Because switchers are more likely to be white collar, young and healthy, the new consumer choice resulted in more risk segregation and the amount of money redistributed by the RAS increased over time. %P 1999-11-30 %C Berlin %I DIW Berlin %B SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research at DIW Berlin ; 915 %K D12;H51;I11;I13;I18 %K Daten SOEP;SOEP Gesundheit und Pflege;Soziales und Gesundheit;Krankenversicherung;Deutschland %U http://hdl.handle.net/10419/162589 %0 Book %8 08.06.2017 %M 9012199 %T Health and Weight %G Englisch %D 2017 %P 41 S. %Z Sb 89 SOEPpapers %F Mono %F WP %1 DIW2017 %U http://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.559811.de/diw_sp0914.pdf %+ Olaf Hübler %A Hübler, Olaf;Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, DIW Berlin %X Many studies have shown that obesity is a serious health problem for our society. Empirical analyses often neglect a number of methodological issues and relevant influences on health. This paper investigates empirically whether neglecting these items leads to systematically different estimates. Based on data from the German Socio-Economic Panel, this study derives the following results. (1) Many combinations of weight and height lead to the same health status. (2) The relationship between health and body mass index is nonlinear. (3) Underweight strengthens individual health and severe obesity has a clear negative impact on health status. Underweight women are more affected than men but obese men are hit harder than women. (4) The hypothesis has to be rejected that weight has an exogenous influence on health. (5) A worse health status is linked with weight fluctuations and deviations between desired and actual working hours. (6) A healthy diet and long but not too long sleeping contribute to a good health status. Moreover, a good parental education and a high parental social status act favorably on health as does personal high income. (7) Four of the big five components of personality, namely openness, extraversion, conscientiousness and agreeableness, contribute to resilience against health problems. %P 1999-11-30 %C Berlin %I DIW Berlin %B SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research at DIW Berlin ; 914 %K Daten SOEP;SOEP Demografie und Bevölkerung;SOEP Einstellungen, Werte und Persönlichkeit;Soziales und Gesundheit;Private Haushalte und Familien;Demographie und Bevölkerung;Körpergewicht;Gesundheit;Persönlichkeit %U http://hdl.handle.net/10419/162588 %0 Book %8 08.06.2017 %M 9012198 %T The Role of Works Councils for Severance Payments %G Englisch %D 2017 %P 20 S. %Z Sb 89 SOEPpapers %F Mono %F WP %1 DIW2017 %U http://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.559809.de/diw_sp0913.pdf %+ Christian Grund, Johannes Martin %A Grund, Christian;Martin, Johannes;Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, DIW Berlin %X Using representative German employee data, we analyse the role of works councils for the incidence of severance payments subsequent to dismissals. While there is a positive relation with severance payments after those dismissals which stem from plant closings, the incidence of a works council is negatively associated with severance pay subsequent to individual layoffs. In both cases, we find a negative moderating effect of individuals’ higher re-employment chances. We also explore gender differences and differences between the types of previously held jobs. %P 1999-11-30 %C Berlin %I DIW Berlin %B SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research at DIW Berlin ; 913 %K J53;J63;J65 %K Daten SOEP;SOEP Arbeit und Beschäftigung;SOEP Einkommen, Steuern und Soziale Sicherung;Private Haushalte und Familien;Arbeit und Beschäftigung;Kündigung;Betriebsrat;Arbeitsvertrag;Abfindung %U http://hdl.handle.net/10419/162587 %0 Book %8 19.06.2017 %M 9012252 %T Terminal Decline in Well-Being: The Role of Multi-Indicator Constellations of Physical Health and Psychosocial Correlates %G Englisch %D 2017 %P 47 S.: Anh. %Z Sb 89 SOEPpapers %F Mono %F WP %1 DIW2017 %U http://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.560201.de/diw_sp0912.pdf %+ Andreas M. Brandmaier, Nilam Ram, Gert G. Wagner, Denis Gerstorf %A Brandmaier, Andreas M.;Ram, Nilam;Wagner, Gert G.;Gerstorf, Denis;Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, DIW Berlin %X Well-being is often relatively stable across adulthood and old age, but typically exhibits pronounced deteriorations and vast individual differences in the terminal phase of life. However, the factors contributing to these differences are not well understood. Using up to 25-year annual longitudinal data obtained from 4,404 now-deceased participants of the nationwide German Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP; age at death: M = 73.2 years; SD = 14.3 years; 52% women), we explored the role of multi-indicator constellations of socio-demographic variables, physical health and burden factors, and psychosocial characteristics. Expanding earlier reports, Structural Equation Model Trees (SEM Trees) allowed us to identify profiles of variables that were associated with differences in the shape of late-life well-being trajectories. Physical health factors were found to play a major role for well-being decline, but in interaction with psychosocial characteristics such as social participation. To illustrate, for people with low social participation, disability emerged as the strongest correlate of differences in late-life well-being trajectories. However, for people with high social participation, whether or not an individual had spent considerable time in the hospital differentiated high vs. low and stable vs. declining late-life well-being. We corroborated these results with Variable Importance measures derived from a set of resampled SEM Trees (so-called SEM forests) that provide robust and comparative indicators of the total interactive effects of variables for differential late-life well-being. We discuss benefits and limitations of our approach and consider our findings in the context of other reports about protective factors against terminal decline in well-being. %P 1999-11-30 %C Berlin %I DIW Berlin %B SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research at DIW Berlin ; 912 %K Daten SOEP;SOEP Einstellungen, Werte und Persönlichkeit;SOEP Demografie und Bevölkerung;Demographie und Bevölkerung;Soziales und Gesundheit;Alter;Ältere Menschen;Lebenszufriedenheit %U http://hdl.handle.net/10419/162586 %0 Book %8 22.05.2017 %M 9012146 %T Zur Berechnung von Bruttostundenlöhnen - Verdienst(struktur)erhebung und Sozio-oekonomisches Panel im Vergleich %G Englisch %D 2017 %P 24 S. %Z Sb 89 SOEPpapers %F Mono %F WP %1 DIW2017 %U http://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.558905.de/diw_sp0911.pdf %+ Matthias Dütsch, Ralf Himmelreicher, Clemens Ohlert %A Dütsch, Matthias;Himmelreicher, Ralf K.;Ohlert, Clemens;Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, DIW Berlin %X Aufgrund der Festlegung des gesetzlichen Mindestlohns als Stundenlohn müssen valide Informationen, zu Bruttostundenlöhnen aus den Angaben zu Monatsentgelten und wöchentlichen Arbeitszeiten, berechnet werden. Dieser Beitrag vergleicht methodisch sowie empirisch das Sozio-oekonomische Panel und die Verdienst(struktur)erhebung. Demnach bestehen grundlegende konzeptionelle Unterschiede, in der Stichprobenziehung und Erhebung von Angaben zu Beschäftigten in der Haushaltsbefragung, des SOEP und zu Beschäftigungsverhältnissen in der amtlichen Erhebung der V(S)E. Dementsprechend, differieren die Abgrenzungsmöglichkeiten der Beschäftigungsformen sowie die Verteilung, der beobachteten Einheiten nach zentralen Merkmalen. Mit Blick auf die monatlichen Arbeitsentgelte, wöchentlichen Arbeitszeiten und Bruttostundenlöhne zeigen sich insbesondere im unteren Bereich, der jeweiligen Verteilung Unterschiede. %X The statutory minimum wage in Germany was set as hourly wage. Thus, valid information on gross hourly wages must be calculated from monthly wages and weekly working hours. This paper compares the German Socio-Economic Panel and the Structure of Earnings Survey. There exist conceptual differences regarding sampling and collection of data on employees in the household survey (SOEP) and on jobs in the mandatory survey (V(S)E.) Accordingly, weighting and definition of types of employment vary. This also accounts for central characteristics of units observed. Monthly wages, weekly working hours and gross hourly wages differ especially in the lower range of the respective distribution. %P 1999-11-30 %C Berlin %I DIW Berlin %B SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research at DIW Berlin ; 911 %K J08;J30;J31;J33 %K Daten SOEP;SOEP Arbeit und Beschäftigung;Arbeit und Beschäftigung;Lohn;Arbeitsmarktpolitik;Lohnniveau;Arbeitskosten %U http://hdl.handle.net/10419/162585 %0 Book %8 22.05.2017 %M 9012145 %T She's Leaving Home: A Large Sample Investigation of the Empty Nest Syndrome %G Englisch %D 2017 %P 27 S. %Z Sb 89 SOEPpapers %F Mono %F WP %1 DIW2017 %U http://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.558900.de/diw_sp0910.pdf %+ Alan Piper, Ian Jackson %A Piper, Alan;Jackson, Ian;Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, DIW Berlin %X This study considers life satisfaction in relation to the empty nest syndrome, which is a situation where there are feelings of loss or loneliness for mothers and/or fathers following the departure of the last child from the parental home. In particular, the investigation considers the significance of Identity Economics when applied to parents experiencing a reduction in well-being following an extended period of child-rearing. The origins of the empty nest syndrome are first considered briefly before conducting an economic analysis of life satisfaction using the German Socio-Economic Panel. Our particular focus is the change in the subjective well-being of the individuals who become empty nesters, taking advantage of the richness of this dataset. As a result, this is the first large sample economic analysis of its kind to use identity to evaluate the effects of becoming “empty nest” parents in a systematic way. %P 1999-11-30 %C Berlin %I DIW Berlin %B SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research at DIW Berlin ; 910 %K D64;I31 %K Daten SOEP;SOEP Familie und soziale Netzwerke;SOEP Einstellungen, Werte und Persönlichkeit;Soziales und Gesundheit;Private Haushalte und Familien;Familiensoziologie;Kindheit;Eltern;Lebensverlauf;Lebenszufriedenheit %U http://hdl.handle.net/10419/162583 %0 Book %8 08.06.2017 %M 9012197 %T Vertragliche, tatsächliche und gewünschte Arbeitszeiten %G Deutsch %D 2017 %P 55 S. : Anh. %Z Sb 89 SOEPpapers %F Mono %F WP %1 DIW2017 %U http://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.559807.de/diw_sp0909.pdf %+ Peter Sopp, Alexandra Wagner %A Sopp, Peter;Wagner, Alexandra;Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, DIW Berlin %X Das Paper behandelt die Entwicklung von vereinbarten, tatsächlichen und gewünschten Arbeitszeiten und analysiert deren Veränderung im Zeitverlauf für unterschiedliche Beschäftigtengruppen und Haushaltstypen. Die Analyse zeigt eine zunehmende Heterogenität der im Zeitverlauf tendenziell kürzer werdenden Arbeitszeiten sowie eine Angleichung zwischen Ost- und Westdeutschland. Normgeprägte Arbeitszeiten werden seltener gewünscht und realisiert. Arbeitszeiten im Bereich langer Teilzeit gewinnen an Attraktivität. Die stärksten Veränderungen zeigen sich bei den Arbeitszeiten der Frauen. Trotz Angleichung im Zeitverlauf bleiben hier die Ost-West- Unterschiede bedeutsam. Entscheidende Einflussgrößen für die Entwicklung der Arbeitszeiten sind die sich wandelnde geschlechtsbezogene Arbeitsteilung sowie arbeitsmarktbezogene und betriebliche Faktoren. Ein eindeutiger Zusammenhang zeigt sich zwischen der Dauer der Arbeitszeiten und dem Grad der berichteten Leistungsorientierung im Betrieb. Die Umsetzung von Arbeitszeitwünschen gelingt häufig nicht und ist im Zeitverlauf auch nicht leichter geworden. Wünsche nach Arbeitszeitverkürzung haben die geringste Realisierungschance. %P 1999-11-30 %C Berlin %I DIW Berlin %B SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research at DIW Berlin ; 909 %K Daten SOEP;SOEP Arbeit und Beschäftigung;SOEP Demografie und Bevölkerung;Demographie und Bevölkerung;Arbeit und Beschäftigung;Arbeitszeit;Arbeitszeitgestaltung;Deutschland ;Deutschland %U http://hdl.handle.net/10419/162584 %0 Book %8 05.05.2017 %M 9012029 %T The Causal Effect of Age at Migration on Youth Educational Attainment %G Englisch %D 2017 %P 56 S. %Z Sb 89 SOEPpapers %F Mono %F WP %1 DIW2017 %U http://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.557513.de/diw_sp0908.pdf %+ Dominique Lemmermann, Regina T. Riphahn %A Lemmermann, Dominique;Riphahn, Regina T.;Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, DIW Berlin %X We investigate the causal effect of age at migration on subsequent educational attainment in the destination country. To identify the causal effect we compare the educational attainment of siblings at age 21, exploiting the fact that they typically migrate at different ages within a given family. We consider several education outcomes conditional on family fixed effects. We take advantage of long running and detailed data from the German Socio-Economic Panel, which entails an oversample of immigrants and provides information on language skills. We find significant effects of age at migration on educational attainment and a critical age of migration around age 6. The educational attainment of female immigrants responds more strongly to a high age at immigration than that of males. Also, language skills do not appear to be central for the causal connection between age at migration and educational attainment. %P 1999-11-30 %C Berlin %I DIW Berlin %B SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research at DIW Berlin ; 908 %K I21;J61;C21 %K Daten SOEP;SOEP Integration, Migration und Transnationalisierung;Demographie und Bevölkerung;Integration;SOEP Bildung und Qualifikation;Migration;Bildung, Kultursektor, Non-Profit-Sektor;Alter;Bildungswesen;Arbeit und Beschäftigung;Arbeitsmobilität;Ökonometrie %U http://hdl.handle.net/10419/162582 %0 Book %8 04.05.2017 %M 9012022 %T Armutsgefährdung bei Personen mit Migrationshintergrund - vertiefende Analysen auf Basis von SOEP und Mikrozensus %G Deutsch %D 2017 %P 67 S. %Z Sb 89 SOEPpapers %F Mono %F WP %1 DIW2017 %U http://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.557426.de/diw_sp0907.pdf %+ Johannes Giesecke, Martin Kroh, Ingrid Tucci, Anne-Luise Baumann, Nihad El-Kayed %A Giesecke, Johannes;Kroh, Martin;Tucci, Ingrid;Baumann, Anne-Luise;El-Kayed, Nihad;Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, DIW Berlin %X Die Armutsgefährdungsquote von Menschen mit Migrationshintergrund liegt im Zeitraum 1995 bis 2015 deutlich über der von Personen ohne Migrationshintergrund. Im Berichtsjahr 2013 ist sie mit 26 % mehr doppelt so hoch wie die von Personen ohne Migrationshintergrund mit 12%. %P 1999-11-30 %C Berlin %I DIW Berlin %B SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research at DIW Berlin ; 907 %K Daten SOEP;SOEP Integration, Migration und Transnationalisierung;Demographie und Bevölkerung;SOEP Bildung und Qualifikation;SOEP Einkommen, Steuern und Soziale Sicherung;Private Haushalte und Familien;Bildung, Kultursektor, Non-Profit-Sektor;Armut;Armutsbekämpfung;Migration;Migrationspolitik;Mikrozensus;Soziales und Gesundheit %U http://hdl.handle.net/10419/162580 %0 Book %8 28.04.2017 %M 9012007 %T The Effects of Flexible Work Practices on Employee Attitudes: Evidence from a Large-Scale Panel Study in Germany %G Englisch %D 2017 %P 29 S. %Z Sb 89 SOEPpapers %F Mono %F WP %1 DIW2017 %U http://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.557095.de/diw_sp0906.pdf %+ Claudia Kröll, Stephan Nüesch %A Kröll, Claudia;Nüesch, Stephan;Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, DIW Berlin %X We explore the effects of flexible work practices (FWPs) on the work attitudes (job satisfaction and turnover intention) and non-work attitudes (leisure satisfaction and perceived health) of employees based on representative large-scale German panel data. Because unobserved individual characteristics can easily act as confounders, we estimate both pooled OLS models and individual fixed-effects models. Controlling for time-constant individual heterogeneity, we find that the three considered FWPs—flexitime, sabbaticals and working from home—significantly increase job satisfaction and that sabbaticals and working from home (but not flexitime) significantly decrease turnover intention. In addition, sabbaticals but not flexitime or working from home significantly increase leisure satisfaction. The effects of FWPs on health are mostly weak and statistically insignificant. Models that do not control for such individual heterogeneity either underestimate the positive effects of FWPs or find detrimental effects. Our findings indicate that organizations in Germany can increase job satisfaction and decrease employee turnover intention by offering FWPs. %P 1999-11-30 %C Berlin %I DIW Berlin %B SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research at DIW Berlin ; 906 %K Daten SOEP;SOEP Arbeit und Beschäftigung;SOEP Gesundheit und Pflege;SOEP Zeitverwendung und Umweltverhalten;Arbeit und Beschäftigung;Soziales und Gesundheit;Arbeitszeit;Arbeitszeitgestaltung;Zeitverwendung;Panel;Deutschland %0 Book %8 02.05.2017 %M 9012014 %T The Effects of After-School Programs on Maternal Employment %G Englisch %D 2017 %P 37 S. %Z Sb 89 SOEPpapers %F Mono %F WP %1 DIW2017 %U http://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.557175.de/diw_sp0905.pdf %+ Fabian Dehos, Marie Paul %A Dehos, Fabian;Paul, Marie;Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, DIW Berlin %X This paper evaluates the impact of a massive expansion of after-school programs (ASPs) on the labor market participation of mothers with primary school children in the West German context of relatively low full-time employment rates. Using an instrumental variables approach we exploit regional and temporal variation in the provision of federal ASP starting grants by a nationwide investment program. Results suggest that additional ASP places had no effect on working hours or the employment probability of mothers with primary school children. %P 1999-11-30 %C Berlin %I DIW Berlin %B SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research at DIW Berlin ; 905 %K J13;J21;J22 %K Daten SOEP;SOEP Demografie und Bevölkerung;SOEP Arbeit und Beschäftigung;SOEP Familie und soziale Netzwerke;SOEP Bildung und Qualifikation;Arbeit und Beschäftigung;Bildung, Kultursektor, Non-Profit-Sektor;Private Haushalte und Familien;Demographie und Bevölkerung;Mütter;Familienpolitik;Arbeitskräftepotenzial;Erwerbstätigkeit;Zeitverwendung %U http://hdl.handle.net/10419/162581 %0 Book %8 25.04.2017 %M 9011993 %T Do Women in Highly Qualified Positions Face Higher Work-To-Family Conflicts in Germany than Men? %G Englisch %D 2017 %P 30 S. %Z Sb 89 SOEPpapers %F Mono %F WP %1 DIW2017 %U http://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.556656.de/diw_sp0904.pdf %+ Anne Busch-Heizmann, Elke Holst %A Busch-Heizmann, Anne;Holst, Elke;Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, DIW Berlin %X Changing employment conditions lead to new chances, but also new risks for employees. In the literature, increasing permeability between occupational and private life is discussed as one special outcome of this development that employees must face, especially those in highly qualified positions. Drawing on existing research, we investigate in how far women and men in those positions differ in their perceived work-to-family conflicts (WFC), considering the mediating role of gender specific job opportunities. Referring conflicting theoretical arguments, we hypothesize that in Germany - as a conservative welfare state - women, especially those with family responsibilities, will perceive higher WFC than men in those positions. Our analysis is based on data from the German Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP). Using the Siegrist instrument on effort-reward imbalance we find that women in highly qualified positions perceive higher WFC than men. This association is explained by women’s lower willingness to take risks, and also party explained by lower job rewards women receive. It gets visible even more strongly if women’s lower time-based burdens in the job are controlled for. Mixed results are observed concerning associations between family responsibilities and WFC, which is in line with ambivalent results in the literature. %P 1999-11-30 %C Berlin %I DIW Berlin %B SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research at DIW Berlin ; 904 %K I3;B54;M1 %K Arbeit und Beschäftigung;Demographie und Bevölkerung;Private Haushalte und Familien;Themenliste Frauen im Erwerbsleben;Geschlecht;Führungskräfte;Frauenerwerbstätigkeit;Panel;Familiensoziologie;Zeitverwendung;Deutschland ;SOEP Arbeit und Beschäftigung;SOEP Demografie und Bevölkerung;SOEP Familie und soziale Netzwerke %U http://hdl.handle.net/10419/157626 %0 Book %8 25.04.2017 %M 9011992 %T Can Raising Instructional Time Crowd Out Student Pro-Social Behaviour? Evidence from Germany %G Englisch %D 2017 %P 46 S. : Anh. %Z Sb 89 SOEPpapers %F Mono %F WP %1 DIW2017 %U http://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.556654.de/diw_sp0903.pdf %+ Christian Krekel %A Krekel, Christian;Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, DIW Berlin %X We study whether raising instructional time can crowd out student pro-social behaviour. To this end, we exploit a large educational reform in Germany that has raised weekly instructional time for high school students by 12.5% as a quasi-natural experiment. We find that this rise has a negative and sizeable effect on volunteering, both at the intensive and at the extensive margin. It also affects political interest. There is no similar crowding out of scholastic involvement, but no substitution either. We conclude that instructional time plays an important role in shaping student pro-social behaviour. %P 1999-11-30 %C Berlin %I DIW Berlin %B SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research at DIW Berlin ; 903 %K Daten SOEP;SOEP Bildung und Qualifikation;SOEP Zeitverwendung und Umweltverhalten;Bildung, Kultursektor, Non-Profit-Sektor;Bildungswesen;Analyse;Bildungspolitik;Mikroökonomik;Verhalten;Zeitverwendung %U http://hdl.handle.net/10419/157625 %0 Book %8 25.04.2017 %M 9011991 %T An Integrated Micro Data Base for Tax Analysis in Germany %G Englisch %D 2017 %P 24 S. %Z Sb 89 SOEPpapers %F Mono %F WP %1 DIW2017 %U http://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.556652.de/diw_sp0902.pdf %+ Stefan Bach, Martin Beznoska, Viktor Steiner %A Bach, Stefan;Beznoska, Martin;Steiner, Viktor;Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, DIW Berlin %X This paper documents methodology underlying the construction of the integrated data base for our study on “Wer trägt die Steuerlast in Deutschland? - Verteilungswirkungen des deutschen Steuer- und Transfersystems” (Who bears the tax burden in Germany? – Distributional Analyses of the German tax and transfer system). Financial support from the Hans Böckler Stiftung for the project is gratefully acknowledged. The paper greatly benefited from comments by the members of the scientific advisory council of the project. %P 1999-11-30 %C Berlin %I DIW Berlin %B SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research at DIW Berlin ; 902 %K Daten SOEP;SOEP Einkommen, Steuern und Soziale Sicherung;SOEP Surveymethodik;Öffentliche Finanzen und Finanzwissenschaft;Methodenforschung;Steuer;Steuersystem;Deutschland ;Themenliste Aktuelle Steuerfragen in Deutschland;Mikrodaten;Steuerbelastung;Verteilung;Verteilungswirkung %U http://hdl.handle.net/10419/157624 %0 Book %8 13.04.2017 %M 9011967 %T The Distribution of Economic Resources to Children in Germany %G Englisch %D 2017 %P 54 S. %Z Sb 89 SOEPpapers %F Mono %F WP %1 DIW2017 %U http://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.556321.de/diw_sp0901.pdf %+ Maximilian Stockhausen %A Stockhausen, Maximilian;Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, DIW Berlin %X This paper investigates the redistributive impact of private and public childcare provision and education on children's resources in Germany between 2009 and 2013. It takes account of the multidimensionality of children's needs and access to economic resources by applying an extended income approach. Combining survey data from the Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) with administrative data from the German Federal Statistical Office, extended disposable income inequality is found to be significantly lower than disposable cash income inequality at the five percent level across all years. However, the extension does not significantly change distributional trends. At the same time, publicly provided childcare and schooling notably decrease inequality among children such that it cushions cash income inequality. One major reason for this effect is that public in-kind benefits profit children living with single parents, which are deprived in terms of cash incomes, most. This gives additional evidence on the importance of publicly provided childcare and schooling as a policy instrument to equalize economic resources and opportunities in children's lives. %P 1999-11-30 %C Berlin %I DIW Berlin %B SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research at DIW Berlin ; 901 %K D13;D31;H52;I24 %K Daten SOEP;SOEP Einkommen, Steuern und Soziale Sicherung;SOEP Bildung und Qualifikation;SOEP Zeitverwendung und Umweltverhalten;Demographie und Bevölkerung;Private Haushalte und Familien;Zeitverwendung;Einkommen;Einkommensungleichheit;Kinder;Familieneinkommen;Deutschland %U http://hdl.handle.net/10419/157623 %0 Book %8 09.03.2017 %M 9011836 %T Maternal Employment Effects of Paid Parental Leave %G Englisch %D 2017 %P 83 S. %Z Sb 89 SOEPpapers %F Mono %F WP %1 DIW2017 %U http://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.554240.de/diw_sp0900.pdf %+ Annette Bergemann, Regina T. Riphahn %A Bergemann, Annette;Riphahn, Regina T.;Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, DIW Berlin %X We study the short, medium, and longer run employment effects of a substantial change in the parental leave benefit program in Germany. In 2007, a means-tested parental leave transfer program that had paid benefits for up to two years was replaced by an earnings related transfer which paid benefits for up to one year. The reform generated winners and losers with heterogeneous response incentives. We find that the reform speeds up the labor market return of both groups of mothers after benefit expiration. The overall time until an average mother with (without) prior claims to benefits returns to the labor force after childbirth declined after the reform by 10 (8) months at the median. We show that likely pathways for this substantial reform effect are changes in social norms and mothers' preferences for economic independence. %P 1999-11-30 %C Berlin %I DIW Berlin %B SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research at DIW Berlin ; 900 %K J13;J21 %K Daten SOEP;SOEP Einkommen, Steuern und Soziale Sicherung;SOEP Demografie und Bevölkerung;SOEP Familie und soziale Netzwerke;Private Haushalte und Familien;Demographie und Bevölkerung;Frauenerwerbstätigkeit;Themenliste Frauen im Erwerbsleben;Mütter;Elternzeit;Kinderbetreuung;Familieneinkommen;Themenliste Kinderbetreuung - Familien- und Bildungspolitik %U http://hdl.handle.net/10419/156171 %0 Book %8 09.03.2017 %M 9011835 %T A Head-to-Head Comparison of Augmented Wealth in Germany and the United States %G Englisch %D 2017 %P 51 S. %Z Sb 89 SOEPpapers %F Mono %F WP %1 DIW2017 %U http://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.554238.de/diw_sp0899.pdf %+ Timm Bönke, Markus M. Grabka, Carsten Schröder, Edward N. Wolff %A Bönke, Timm;Grabka, Markus M.;Schröder, Carsten;Wolff, Edward N.;Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, DIW Berlin %X We provide levels of, compositions of, and inequalities in household augmented wealth – defined as the sum of net worth and pension wealth – for two countries: the United States and Germany. Pension wealth makes up a considerable portion of household wealth: about 48% in the United States and 61% in Germany. The higher share in Germany narrows the wealth gap between the two countries: While average net worth in the United States (US$337,000 in 2013) is about 1.8 times higher than in Germany, augmented wealth (US$651,000) is only 1.4 times higher. Further, the inclusion of pension wealth in household wealth reduces the Gini coefficient from 0.892 to 0.701 in the United States and from 0.765 to 0.511 in Germany. %P 1999-11-30 %C Berlin %I DIW Berlin %B SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research at DIW Berlin ; 899 %K D31;H55;J32 %K Daten SOEP;SOEP Wohnen, Ausstattung und Leistungen privater HH;SOEP Internationaler Vergleich;SOEP Einkommen, Steuern und Soziale Sicherung;Private Haushalte und Familien;Vermögen;Vermögensverteilung;Deutschland ;USA %U http://hdl.handle.net/10419/156170 %0 Book %8 07.03.2017 %M 9011794 %T The Effect of Unemployment on Social Participation of Spouses: Evidence from Plant Closures in Germany %G Englisch %D 2017 %P 14 S. %Z Sb 89 SOEPpapers %F Mono %F WP %1 DIW2017 %U http://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.554063.de/diw_sp0898.pdf %+ Lars Kunze, Nicolai Suppa %A Kunze, Lars;Suppa, Nicolai;Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, DIW Berlin %X This paper estimates the effect of an individual’s unemployment on the level of social participation of their spouse. Using German panel data, it is shown that unemployment has a strong negative effect on public social activities of both directly and indirectly affected spouses. Private social activities of either spouse, however, are only found to increase, if the indirectly affected spouse is not working. Conflict prevention strategies or habituation may help to rationalise this finding. Our results imply that active labour market policies should account for spillovers effects within couples and adopt a family perspective. %P 1999-11-30 %C Berlin %I DIW Berlin %B SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research at DIW Berlin ; 898 %K J64;I31 %K Daten SOEP;SOEP Familie und soziale Netzwerke;SOEP Arbeit und Beschäftigung;SOEP Zeitverwendung und Umweltverhalten;Private Haushalte und Familien;Arbeit und Beschäftigung;Soziales und Gesundheit;Arbeitslosigkeit;Soziale Beziehungen;Wohlfahrtsstaat;Lebenszufriedenheit %U http://hdl.handle.net/10419/156169 %0 Book %8 07.03.2017 %M 9011792 %T Voluntary Turnover: What We Measure and What It (Really) Means %G Englisch %D 2017 %P 18 S. %Z Sb 89 SOEPpapers %F Mono %F WP %1 DIW2017 %U http://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.554061.de/diw_sp0897.pdf %+ Matthias Georg Will %A Will, Matthias Georg;Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, DIW Berlin %X In this paper, we run regression analyses to explain voluntary turnover intentions with data from more than 5,000 employees and with about 250 explanatory variables. The findings of our multi-factor approach highlight the fact that previous empirical research might have over-estimated the impact and significance of many factors. We show the relevance of the so-called omitted variable bias to our findings and present an empirical approach to gain estimations that are more accurate. Our approach can estimate in detail the relevance of different factors from the following categories: (a) employees’ satisfaction, (b) industry, (c) firm size, (d) status and position, (e) commuting and working hours, (f) income, incentivesand fairness, (g) career development, (h) health, (j) political orientation, (k) demographics, and (l) personality traits. %P 1999-11-30 %C Berlin %I DIW Berlin %B SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research at DIW Berlin ; 897 %K J28;J63;C13 %K Daten SOEP;SOEP Einstellungen, Werte und Persönlichkeit;SOEP Arbeit und Beschäftigung;Soziales und Gesundheit;Betriebliches Gesundheitsmanagement;Arbeit und Beschäftigung;Arbeitszufriedenheit;Arbeitsmobilität;Schätzung;Methodenforschung;Ökonometrie %U http://hdl.handle.net/10419/156168 %0 Book %8 20.02.2017 %M 9011701 %T Fertility Effects of Child Benefits %G Englisch %D 2017 %P 66 S. %Z Sb 89 SOEPpapers %F Mono %F WP %1 DIW2017 %U http://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.552942.de/diw_sp0896.pdf %+ Regina T. Riphahn, Frederik Wiynck %A Riphahn, Regina T.;Wiynck, Frederik;Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, DIW Berlin %X We exploit the 1996 reform of the German child benefit program to identify the causal effect of heterogeneous child benefits on fertility. While generally the reform increased child benefits, the exact amount of the increase varied by household income and the number of children. We use these heterogeneities to identify their causal effects on fertility in a difference-in-differences setting. We apply the large samples of the German Mikrozensus and the rich data of the German Socio-economic Panel (SOEP). The reform effects on low income couples are not statistically significant. We find some support for positive fertility effects for higher as opposed to lower income couples deciding on a second birth. %P 1999-11-30 %C Berlin %I DIW Berlin %B SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research at DIW Berlin ; 896 %K J13;I38;C54 %K Daten SOEP;SOEP Demografie und Bevölkerung;SOEP Einkommen, Steuern und Soziale Sicherung;SOEP Familie und soziale Netzwerke;Private Haushalte und Familien;Demographie und Bevölkerung;Soziales und Gesundheit;Fertilität;Familienleistungsausgleich;Steuervergünstigung;Mikrozensus;Panel %U http://hdl.handle.net/10419/156167 %0 Book %8 20.02.2017 %M 9011700 %T An Integrated Approach for Top-Corrected Ginis %G Englisch %D 2017 %P 35 S. %Z Sb 89 SOEPpapers %F Mono %F WP %1 DIW2017 %U http://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.552935.de/diw_sp0895.pdf %+ Charlotte Bartels, Maria Metzing %A Bartels, Charlotte;Metzing, Maria;Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, DIW Berlin %X Household survey data provide a rich information set on income, household context and demographic variables, but tend to under report incomes at the very top of the distribution. Administrative data like tax records offer more precise information on top incomes, but at the expense of household context details and incomes of non-filers at the bottom of the distribution. We combine the benefits of the two data sources and develop an integrated approach for top-corrected Gini coefficients where we impute top incomes in survey data using information on top income distribution from tax data. We apply our approach to European EU-SILC survey data which in some countries include administrative data. We find higher inequality in those European countries that exclusively rely (Germany, UK) or have relied (Spain) on interviews for the provision of EU-SILC survey data as compared to countries that use administrative data. %P 1999-11-30 %C Berlin %I DIW Berlin %B SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research at DIW Berlin ; 895 %K C46;C81;D31;H2 %K Daten SOEP;SOEP Einkommen, Steuern und Soziale Sicherung;SOEP Internationaler Vergleich;SOEP Surveymethodik;Methodenforschung;Private Haushalte und Familien;Einkommensverteilung;Öffentliche Finanzen und Finanzwissenschaft;Vermögensverteilung;Steuer %U http://hdl.handle.net/10419/156166 %0 Book %8 13.02.2017 %M 9011669 %T Transitions in Poverty and Deprivations: An Analysis of Multidimensional Poverty Dynamics %G Englisch %D 2017 %P 34 S. %Z Sb 89 SOEPpapers %F Mono %F WP %1 DIW2017 %U http://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.552508.de/diw_sp0894.pdf %+ Nicolai Suppa %A Suppa, Nicolai;Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, DIW Berlin %X This paper explores a novel way to analyse poverty dynamics that are specific to certain measures of multidimensional poverty, such as the "adjusted headcount ratio" proposed by Alkire & Foster (2011a). Assuming there is panel data available, I show that a simultaneous and comprehensive account of transitions in deprivations and poverty allows complex interdependencies between dimensions in a dynamic context to be handled and, at the same time, allows for several advanced types of analyses. These analyses include (i) a decomposition of changes in multidimensional poverty, which reveals why poverty decreases or increases; (ii) a framework to examine and understand the relationship between the dashboard approach and dimensional contributions and multidimensional poverty in a dynamic setting; (iii) a presentation of methods that illuminate the process of the accumulation of deprivations. The suggested types of analyses are illustrated using German panel data. The implications for monitoring, policy evaluation and strategies for analyses using repeated cross-sectional data are discussed. %P 1999-11-30 %C Berlin %I DIW Berlin %B SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research at DIW Berlin ; 894 %K I32;C33 %K Daten SOEP;SOEP Surveymethodik;SOEP Einkommen, Steuern und Soziale Sicherung;Private Haushalte und Familien;Methodenforschung;Soziales und Gesundheit;Armut;Panel;Deutschland %U http://hdl.handle.net/10419/155372 %0 Book %8 13.02.2017 %M 9011668 %T Dimensions of Quality of Life in Germany: Measured by Plain Text Responses in a Representative Survey (SOEP) %G Englisch %D 2017 %P 19 S. %Z Sb 89 SOEPpapers %F Mono %F WP %1 DIW2017 %U http://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.552497.de/diw_sp0893.pdf %+ Gert G. Wagner, Martin Bruemmer, Axel Glemser, Julia Rohrer, Jürgen Schupp %A Wagner, Gert G.;Bruemmer, Martin;Glemser, Axel;Rohrer, Julia M.;Schupp, Jürgen;Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, DIW Berlin %X In diesem Beitrag wird gezeigt, dass es heutzutage gut möglich ist, die Wichtigkeitgesellschaftlicher Ziele und dem Stand der Lebensqualität in der Bevölkerung mit Hilfe einesrepräsentativen Surveys (hier: dem Sozio-oekonomischen Panel, SOEP) mit offenen Fragenund Klartextantworten zu erheben und sinnvoll auszuwerten. Dabei zeigt sich, dasslangfristig wichtige, aber zugleich aktuell wenig spürbare Themen wie Klimawandel,Staatsverschuldung oder die Europäische Unionkaum genannt werden. Wir ziehen dieSchlussfolgerung, dass langfristig wirkende Entwicklungen und Gefahren auch weiterhinvorwiegend dem Diskurs der Fachleute und der politisch denkenden „Avantgarde“zugewiesen werden sollten. Undam Ende müssen in einer repräsentativen Demokratie dieParlamente entscheiden. Auf Basis von modernen repräsentativen Erhebungen undBürgerdialogen können Parlamente vermutlich etwas besser entscheiden als ohne dieseInstrumente der Bürgerbeteiligung. Aber auch eine noch so effektive Bürgerbeteiligung kannParlamente nicht ersetzen. %X This paper demonstrates how quality of life can be measured by plain text in a representative survey, the German Socio Economic Panel study (SOEP). Furthermore, the paper shows that problems that are difficult to monitor, especially problems like the state of the European Union, long-term climate change but also the national debt or problems with the quality of consumer goods (like food) and services (like medical treatment), are not issues of particular importance to the majority of people. Developments and risks that are difficult to monitor and only have long-term effects should be left primarily to the discourse conducted by experts and the politically-minded “elites”, the avant garde. And in representative democracies it is ultimately the parliamentarians who must decide. Parliamentarians are likely able to make somewhat better decisions using modern representative surveys and national dialogues than they would be without these instruments of civic participation. Nevertheless, improved civic participation cannot replace parliaments. %P 1999-11-30 %C Berlin %I DIW Berlin %B SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research at DIW Berlin ; 893 %K B41;C81;C83;C88;D69;I31;Z13 %K Daten SOEP;SOEP Surveymethodik;SOEP Sonstiges;Methodenforschung;Lebensqualität;Befragung;Panel;Deutschland %U http://hdl.handle.net/10419/155371 %0 Book %8 09.02.2017 %M 9011655 %T The Performance of Immigrants in the German Labor Market %G Englisch %D 2017 %P 35 S. %Z Sb 89 SOEPpapers %F Mono %F WP %1 DIW2017 %U http://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.552317.de/diw_sp0892.pdf %+ Robert C. M. Beyer %A Beyer, Robert C. M.;Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, DIW Berlin %X This paper uses a large survey (SOEP) to update and deepen our knowledge about the labor market performance of immigrants in Germany. It documents that immigrant workers initially earn on average 20 percent less than native workers with otherwise identical characteristics. The gap is smaller for immigrants from advanced countries, with good German language skills, and with a German degree, and larger for others. The gap declines gradually over time but at a decreasing rate and much stronger for more recent cohorts. Less success in obtaining jobs with higher occupational autonomy explains half of the wage gap. Immigrants are initially less likely to participate in the labor market and more likely to be unemployed. While participation fully converges after 20 years, immigrants always remain more likely to be unemployed than the native labor force. %P 1999-11-30 %C Berlin %I DIW Berlin %B SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research at DIW Berlin ; 892 %K E24;F22;J15;J22;J31;J61 %K Daten SOEP;SOEP Integration, Migration und Transnationalisierung;SOEP Arbeit und Beschäftigung;SOEP Bildung und Qualifikation;SOEP Einkommen, Steuern und Soziale Sicherung;Arbeit und Beschäftigung;Demographie und Bevölkerung;Private Haushalte und Familien;Migranten;Migration;Beschäftigung;Arbeitsmarkt;Arbeitslosigkeit;Gehalt;Partizipation;Deutschland %U http://hdl.handle.net/10419/155370