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Offset Credits in the EU ETS: A Quantile Estimation of Firm-Level Transaction Costs

Referierte Aufsätze Web of Science

Helene Naegele

In: Environmental & Resource Economics 70 (2018), 1, S. 77-106

Abstract

International carbon offset certificates were cheaper than European Union Allowances, although they were substitutes within the EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS). Thus, firms had a strong incentive to use offset certificates. However, a considerable number of firms did not exhaust their offset quota and, by doing so, seemingly forwent profits. While most literature on emissions trading evaluates the efficiency of regulation in a frictionless world, in practice firms incur costs when complying with regulation. In order to assess the relevance of trade-related fixed transaction costs, this study examines the use of international offset credits in the EU ETS. It establishes a model of firm decision under fixed (quantity-invariant) entry costs and estimates the size of such costs rationalizing firm behavior using semi-parametric binary quantile regressions. Comparing binary quantile results with probit estimates shows that high average transaction costs result from a strongly skewed underlying distribution. For most firms, the bulk of transaction costs stems from certificate trading in general, rather than additional participation in offset trading.



JEL-Classification: C25;D23;H23;Q58
Keywords: Binary quantile estimation, CDM, Climate change, Carbon emissions trading, Entry costs, EU ETS, Offset certificates, Semi-parametric estimation, Transaction costs
DOI:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10640-017-0111-1

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