This course focuses on recent advances in (semi)parametric measurement of productivity and efficiency in production. The methodological discussion includes cross-section and panel data approaches as well as different ways of incorporating determinants of production and inefficiency. The methods are applied to firm level data of public and private infrastructure companies, which are frequently subject to regulatory oversight and benchmarking. Within the empirical analysis of these companies, special attention will be put on the differences in ownership and governance, firms’ capital structure, and their investment behavior.