Renewable energies are a critical element in containing climate change while sustaining economic development. The expanded introduction of renewable energy policies changed electricity markets due to increasing renewable electricity capacity and generation. Although some are convinced that policies have worked in selected markets, conclusive evidence on the effect of renewable energy policies remains ...
The European climate targets until 2050 require an adaptation of the generation portfolio in terms of renewable and fossil based generation. Assumptions on the timeline of the targets and the availability and costs of generation technologies are used in energy system models to optimize the cost minimal system transformation. The results include investments in generation technologies and their national ...
This foregoing study concerns itself with regional trends in energy consumption in Hesse and its five planning districts through the year 1985. It consists of two sections, one on the determination of final demand, and a second analyzing the production sector and calculating primary energy consumption Total final demand in Hese will increase from 19.1 million metric tons SKE in the year 1971 to about ...
The mining production of the Federal Republic of Germany is, for the geographical size of the country, quite substantial and diversified. Significant export surpluses were even attained in coal, potash salt, and barite. Still, this output falls far short of fulfilling domestic needs in raw minerals for the highly industrialized West German economy. The dependency on foreign suppliers deserves all the ...
The exchange rate fluctuations strongly affect the Russian economy, given its heavy dependence on foreign trade and investment. Since January 2014, the Ruble lost 50% of its value against the US Dollar. The fall of the currency started with the conflict between Russia and Ukraine. The impact of the conflict on Russia may have been amplified by sanctions imposed by Western countries. However, as Russia ...