This study explores the relationship between electoral participation and income redistribution by way of social transfers, using data from the European Social Survey, the Comparative Study of Electoral Systems and the Luxembourg Income Study. It extends previous research by measuring the income skew of turnout rather than using average turnout as a proxy for its income bias. We find that a larger income ...
Persistently high unemployment rates are a major threat to the social cohesion in many societies. To moderate the consequences of unemployment industrialized countries spend substantial shares of their GDP on labor market policies, while in recent years there has been a shift from passive measures, such as transfer payments, towards more activating elements which aim to promote the reintegration into ...
The gender wage gap is remarkably persistent in Germany. Additionally it is among the European Member states one of the highest. The paper examines the empirical data which allow analysing the gender wage gap; it discusses the development of the gender pay gap over time, the trends in wage inequality and the incidence of low pay. As institutional factors are of certain importance, the paper describes ...