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Childcare Trends in Germany: Increasing Socio-Economic Disparities in East and West

In East Germany, prior to reunification, day care provision was widely available to encourage mothers to return to work soon after giving birth. Conversely, in West Germany, child care facilities for the under-threes were few and far between and, at the end of the '80s/beginning of the '90s, the length of parental leave was gradually increased to up to three years following the birth of a ...

Trends in der Kinderbetreuung: sozioökonomische Unterschiede verstärken sich in Ost und West

In Ostdeutschland wurde vor der Wende durch eine weitreichende Verfügbarkeit von Kindertagesbetreuung eine rasche Rückkehr von Müttern in die Erwerbstätigkeit gefördert. In Westdeutschland existierte kaum institutionelle Kindertagesbetreuung für unter Dreijährige, und Ende der 80er und Anfang der 90er Jahre wurde der Erziehungsurlaub schrittweise auf bis zu drei Jahre nach einer Geburt ausgeweitet. ...

Expansion of Full-Day Childcare and Subjective Well-Being of Mothers: Interdependencies with Culture and Resources

This study investigates whether an expansion of state-subsidized full-day childcare may improve the subjective well-being of mothers of children under school age by acting as a boundary-spanning resource to facilitate the combination of employment and childcare responsibilities. It extends previous studies that showed contradictory results by demonstrating that the relationship with parental subjective ...

The Selection of Pay Referents: Potential Patterns and Impacts on Life Satisfaction

Despite the relatively extensive research on pay levels and the consequences of income disparities, little is known about which reference groups people choose for comparative evaluation of personal income and why different selection patterns emerge. The aim of this paper is to dig deeper for answers to the following three questions: (1) What are the most important reference groups for income comparisons? ...

Mindestlohn von EUR 8,50: Eine falsche Weichenstellung

Measuring the Selection of Pay Referents - A Methodological Analysis of the Questions on Pay Referents in the 2008 and 2009 Pretest Modules

Income comparisons are among the key mechanisms used to explain satisfaction and happiness, among other outcomes. Yet progress on the questions of who people use as social referents and whether differential selection patterns exist can only be made based on valid and reliable measures of pay referents included in large-scale population surveys. The German Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP) is pursuing ...

The Social Comparison Scale: Testing the Validity, Reliability, and Applicability of the Iowa-Netherlands Comparison Orientation Measure (INCOM) on the German Population

Social comparisons are an essential source of information about the self. Research in social psychology has shown individual variation in the tendency toward comparison with other people’s opinions and abilities, raising the question of whether social comparisons are driven by psychological dispositions. To test the empirical validity of this proposition, Gibbons and Buunk (1999) created an instrument ...

Individual Differences in Social Comparison and its Consequences for Life Satisfaction: Introducing a Short Scale of the Iowa-Netherlands Comparison Orientation Measure

Research in social psychology has shown individual variation in the tendency to compare one’s own opinions and abilities with those of other people, raising the question of whether social comparisons are psychological dispositions. To test the empirical validity of this proposition, Gibbons and Buunk (1999) created an instrument, the Iowa–Netherlands Comparison Orientation Measure (INCOM), that measures ...

Social Comparison Orientations and their Consequences for Justice Perceptions of Earnings

Recently, research on social comparison orientations (SCOs) has shown remarkable inter-individual variation in people’s tendency to compare themselves with others. Whether this variation bears any consequences for social justice research that assumes social comparisons to be a valuable asset in forming images of just earnings is still an unsolved question. This paper takes up this research challenge ...

Measuring Migrants' Educational Attainment: The CAMCES Tool in the IAB-SOEP Migration Samples

Education is one of the most frequently used variables in social science research. However, it is challenging to measure educational attainment with a high degree of validity and comparability in migrant surveys. In migrant surveys, respondents were educated in various different educational systems. Rather than providing specific response options for the qualifications available in every country of ...