3. The German middle class in a changing world of work

Abstract

This chapter discusses how labour market trends in Germany since the mid-1990s have affected workers in middle-income households. It sets off by looking at the types of jobs carried out by middle-income workers, analysing changes in occupations and sector of employment and discussing the role of rising female labour force participation. It then provides evidence on the share of middle-income workers in non-standard and low-paid employment. The chapter discusses future trends in middle-class employment, looking at the likely impact of automation on middle-income workers and presenting employment growth forecasts across occupations. The final part provides evidence on the initial impact of the COVID-19 crisis on employment outcomes and incomes of middle-income workers.