Sex and gender effects on incidence of migraine and stroke: a longitudinal observational study based on the german socio-economic panel

Abstract

Sex and gender both affect health outcomes, often in complex ways that intertwine biological and social influences. While researchers have criticized the conflation of sex and gender in quantitative studies, it remains a challenge to analytically disentangle them. We investigated an approach to conceptualize sex and gender as interrelated constructs embedded within a specific social context and estimate their direct effects on health outcomes simultaneously.