1. The number of beneficiaries would be small due to the initially limited sacle of RE pool, this could discriminating against others. 2. Consumers outside the RE pool must expect higher prices if electricity supply to RE pool is removed from the market. 3. If the state simultaneously acts as the sole buyer and seller of long-term contracts for new wind and solar energy, liquidity could be drained ...
This paper provides a comprehensive evaluation of the world’s largest environmental tax reform. We compare carbon and air pollutant emissions of the German transport sector and synthetic counterfactuals following the 1999 eco-tax reform, and find average re- ductions in external damages of around 80 billion Euros. We further show that the eco-tax induced low-carbon innovation and document much stronger ...
Tax progressivity is central in public and political debates when questions of vertical equity are raised. Applied, structural research demands a simple way to capture it. A power function approximation delivers one parameter that captures the residual income elasticity - a summary measure of progressivity. This approximation is accurate, tractable, and interpretable, and hence immensely popular. The ...
We examine how competition affects VAT pass-through in isolated oligopolistic markets as defined by the Greek islands. Using daily gasoline prices and a difference-in-differences methodology, we investigate how changes in VAT rates are passed through to consumers in islands with different market structure. We show that pass-through increases with competition, going from 50% in monopoly to around 80% ...
Over the past 20 years, China has granted a conspicuous amount of loans to African countries. New loan data show that compared to Western multilateral loans, Chinese loans have relatively high interest rates and shorter maturities, tend to be highly collateralized, and are volatile over time. Thus, Western loans are generally more likely to be in the economic interest of the borrowing country. Furthermore, ...
Second survey wave of around 7,000 Ukrainians on their life situations and progress in social participation For the second time, Ukrainians who fled because of the Russian war of aggression were interviewed about their life in Germany. Key results are: At the beginning of 2023, almost half of the respondents intend to stay in Germany in the longer term. The number of people in employment has increased ...
Within an analytical approach that mirrors the relationship between road deterioration, traffic load, and road renewal, we estimate the marginal costs of road renewals as part of a social marginal cost scheme for road charging. Based on a comprehensive data set for German motor ways, we estimate a Weibull dura tion model with shared frailties that account for unobserved heterogeneity, including covariates ...
