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Bridging the Industrial Energy Efficiency Gap: Assessing the Evidence from the Italian White Certificate Scheme

The Italian white certificate scheme is the main national policy instrument to incentivise energy efficiency of the industrial sector. The mechanism sets binding energy-saving targets on electricity and gas distributors with at least 50,000 clients and includes a voluntary opt-in model for participation from other parties. This paper investigates and assesses the elements of the scheme that help overcome ...

The ANFA debate: No evidence of monetary financing

Greater transparency of the national banks of the euro area would strengthen Eurosystem credibility. The allegation that the European Central Bank (ECB) is engaging in illegal monetary financing under the guise of ANFA (Agreement on Net Financial Assets) seems to be unfounded—there is simply no evidence for it, claims the German Institute for Economic Research (DIW Berlin) based on their ...

"National central banks need more transparency": Seven Questions to Philipp König

Dr. König, the Agreement on Net Financial Assets (ANFA) was drawn up to prevent conflict between the NCBs and the European Central Bank (ECB) over monetary policy. What exactly is the background to this agreement? ANFA limits the national central banks’ purchases of financial assets and securities in order to ensure effective implementation of the single monetary policy in the euro area. [...] The ...

A Penalized Spline Estimator for Fixed Effects Panel Data Models

Estimating nonlinear effects of continuous covariates by penalized splines is well established for regressions with cross-sectional data as well as for panel data regressions with random effects. Penalized splines are particularly advantageous since they enable both the estimation of unknown nonlinear covariate effects and inferential statements about these effects. The latter are based, for example, ...

Calculating Joint Confidence Bands for Impulse Response Functions Using Highest Density Regions

This paper proposes a new non-parametric method of constructing joint confidence bands for impulse response functions of vector autoregressive models. The estimation uncertainty is captured by means of bootstrapping and the highest density region (HDR) approach is used to construct the bands. A Monte Carlo comparison of the HDR bands with existing alternatives shows that the former are competitive ...

Assessing Identifying Restrictions in SVAR Models

This paper proposes a Bayesian approach to assess if the data support candidate set-identifying restrictions for Vector Autoregressive models. The researcher is uncertain about the validity of some sign restrictions that she is contemplating to use. She therefore expresses her uncertainty with a prior distribution that covers the parameter space both where the restrictions are satisfied and where they ...

Innovation Capabilities and Financing Constraints of Family Firms

Using the 2007 Mannheim innovation survey, we investigate whether family firms are more financially constrained than other firms and how this affects both innovation input as well as innovation outcomes such as market and firm novelties or process innovations. Based on the CDM framework, estimation of the recursive system of equations shows that family businesses are more likely to be constrained and ...

The Eurosystem's Agreement on Net Financial Assets (ANFA): Covert Monetary Financing or Legitimate Portfolio Management?

As well as implementing the common monetary policy, the national central banks (NCBs) which, together with the European Central Bank (ECB) form the Eurosystem, are also responsible for performing a range of national tasks. Among other things, these include the management of their financial assets portfolios. To ensure that this function does not interfere with the implementation of the single monetary ...

National Central Banks Should Become More Transparent: Seven Questions to Philipp König

Does Financial Education Impact Financial Literacy and Financial Behavior, and if So, When?

In a meta-analysis of 126 impact evaluation studies, we find that financial education significantly impacts financial behavior and, to an even larger extent, financial literacy. These results also hold for the subsample of randomized experiments (RCTs). However, intervention impacts are highly heterogeneous: Financial education is less effective for lowincome clients as well as in low and lower-middle ...