Health information about vaccinations is communicated via various sources of information and is crucial for vaccination decisions. Information sources such as interpersonal sources, traditional print and digital media as well as social media offer information about the risks and benefits of vaccination. During health crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic was, some information sources provide hanging ...
An increasing number of social science surveys use split questionnaire designs to reduce questionnaire length, presenting only a subset of several questionnaire modules to each respondent while leaving out others. This approach results in large amounts of planned missing data that necessitates imputation. Research shows that imputation is most effective when each module covers various topics. Yet, ...
This paper explores the presence of an environmental, social, and governance (ESG) premium for firms operating in the energy, utilities, and basic materials sectors. Specifically, we examine the influence of ESG performance on firms’ cost of capital in both debt and equity markets. We apply a measure of the ex ante implied cost of equity and the cost of debt to a global sample of over 24,000 firm-year ...
„Die Erdöl-Erpressung“ titelte der SPIEGEL am 3.11.1973. „Holland ohne Benzin“ stand in schwarz auf gelber Schrift daneben. Das Cover des Nachrichtenmagazins zeigte einen bewaffneten Kämpfer auf einer Pipeline sitzend. Zwei Wochen später zierte der Spiegel-Titel eine klassische arabische Kopfbedeckung und die Zeile „Ölscheichs gegen Europa“. Ähnlich drastisch berichteten viele Medien in Deutschland. ...
Even now, 35 years after German unification, the economic power and fiscal capacity of the eastern German federal states remain below average. In Germany’s system of fiscal federalism, this leads to substantial financial transfers, a fact that repeatedly triggers political debate. Thereby, the low tax revenue of the economically weak states is also a consequence of the tax system—and by no means a ...
In 1991, the average labor productivity of the then-new federal states (plus West Berlin) only reached nearly half of the total national productivity level. Since then, the average labor productivity of these states has climbed up to nearly 90 percent. However, the ranking of the individual states has barely changed: Hamburg and the southern German states are still at the top, while most eastern German ...
DIW-Themenbericht zum Jahrestag der Deutschen Einheit – Finanz- und Wirtschaftskraft der Länder sehr heterogen – Ostdeutsche Länder weiter schwach, schließen aber zu ärmeren westdeutschen auf – Finanzstarke Länder setzen sich ab – Produktivitätslücke zwischen Ost und West schließt sich – Stattdessen stärkeres Gefälle zwischen Stadt und Land Auch 35 Jahre nach der Deutschen Einheit bestehen große Unterschiede ...
