We estimate the causal relationship between family size and labour market outcomes for families in low fertility and low female employment regime. Family size is instrumented using twinning and gender composition of the first two children. Among families with at least one child we identify the average causal effect of an additional child on mother's employment to be -7.1 percentage points. However, ...
Microsimulation methods and models of labor market decisions have attracted a lot of attention as an approach to the assessment of consequences of family related policies in the area of labor market and fertility. We set these models in the context of relevant demographic theories and present them from the point of view of their potential as tool to guide effective policy making with the aim to reconcile ...
In 2010 Germany spent 287 million Euro on health care or 11.6 % of GDP. Thus, health care is an important sector of the economy. The growth in health care expenditure was only a little bit higher than the overall growth between 2000 and 2010, with the exception of the last two years. In 2009 GDP decreased and in 2010 the increase was lower than in health care. As a result the share of total health ...
This paper provides health capital estimates for four European countries: Germany, Hungary, Spain and the United Kingdom. We show the sensitivity of the estimates to the use of different assumptions. We compare the resulting measures with information on healthcare expenditure to provide a broad indication of value for money of the different health systems. These indicators are necessarily crude, but ...
Tax competition for the mobile factor capital has led to a trend in many countries to levy lower taxes on interest income, often introducing differential taxation between interest and business income. In this study, we analyze the effect of such differential taxation on the debt ratio of firms. We exploit a 2009 tax reform in Germany as a quasi-experiment, which introduced a flat final withholding ...
We calculate the expected distributional effects of the European Emissions Trading System combining industry and household-level data. By combining data on direct CO2 emissions by production sector from the German Environmental Account with the German Input-Output Accounts, we calculate the CO2 intensity of each sector covered by the EU ETS. We focus on the impact of price increases in the electricity ...
Why do people engage in entrepreneurship and commit large parts of their personal wealth to their business, despite comparably low returns and high risk? This paper connects several streams of literature to shed some light on this puzzle and suggests possible future research avenues. Key insights from the literature are that entrepreneurs may operate in imperfect financial markets and that entrepreneurs ...
