We assess the relevance of formal education for the productivity of the self-employed and distinguish between opportunity entrepreneurs, who voluntarily pursue a business opportunity, and necessity entrepreneurs, who lack alternative employment options. We expect differences in the returns to education between these groups because of different levels of control. We use the German Socio-economic Panel ...
We estimate the causal relationship between family size and labour market outcomes for families in low fertility and low female employment regime. Family size is instrumented using twinning and gender composition of the first two children. Among families with at least one child we identify the average causal effect of an additional child on mother's employment to be -7.1 percentage points. However, ...
Microsimulation methods and models of labor market decisions have attracted a lot of attention as an approach to the assessment of consequences of family related policies in the area of labor market and fertility. We set these models in the context of relevant demographic theories and present them from the point of view of their potential as tool to guide effective policy making with the aim to reconcile ...
In 2010 Germany spent 287 million Euro on health care or 11.6 % of GDP. Thus, health care is an important sector of the economy. The growth in health care expenditure was only a little bit higher than the overall growth between 2000 and 2010, with the exception of the last two years. In 2009 GDP decreased and in 2010 the increase was lower than in health care. As a result the share of total health ...
This paper provides health capital estimates for four European countries: Germany, Hungary, Spain and the United Kingdom. We show the sensitivity of the estimates to the use of different assumptions. We compare the resulting measures with information on healthcare expenditure to provide a broad indication of value for money of the different health systems. These indicators are necessarily crude, but ...
